About IOT Flashcards
Application Layer
topmost layer, visible to users.
Middleware Layer (Processing Layer)
Acts as a bridge between the network and application layers.
Stores, processes, filters, and analyzes data.
Handles device management and service coordination.
Cloud platforms (AWS IoT, Azure IoT, Google Cloud IoT)
Edge computing devices
Big data analytics & AI
Extract meaningful information and automate responses.
Network Layer (Transmission Layer)
Connects the perception layer to the processing units (cloud or edge).
Transfers the data collected by the sensors to the storage/processing units.
Wi-Fi, 4G/5G, Bluetooth, Zigbee, LoRaWAN, Ethernet, MQTT, CoAP.
Secure, fast, and efficient data transmission.
Perception Layer (Sensing Layer)
Detects and collects real-world data using sensors and devices.
Temperature sensors, RFID tags, cameras, GPS, humidity sensors.
Converts physical signals to digital data.
Advantages of IOT
Devices can be controlled remotely and automatically without human intervention.
Real-time monitoring leads to faster decisions.
Predictive maintenance reduces unexpected failures.
Personalized services and smart features improve user satisfaction.
Control smart devices from anywhere using the internet.
Smart agriculture, air pollution tracking, and water quality sensors help in sustainable development.
Disadvantages of IoT
IoT devices are vulnerable to hacking and data breaches.
Continuous data collection can compromise user privacy.
Integration of multiple devices, platforms, and networks can be difficult to manage.
Initial setup, maintenance, and skilled workforce can be expensive.
Devices require stable internet connections to function.
Different manufacturers use different protocols, making compatibility an issue.
Huge amounts of data can overwhelm systems if not managed properly.
Over-reliance on machines may reduce face-to-face communication and manual skills.
Applications of IOT
Smart Homes
Smart Cities
Healthcare
Industrial IoT
Agriculture
Sensors collect data on environmental conditions to aid in conservation.
Smart Education
Gateways and Devices
Types of IoT Devices
Examples:
Temperature sensor (DHT11)
PIR motion sensor
Light-dependent resistor (LDR)
Examples:
Motors
Relays
Smart locks
IoT Gateways(Gateways act as bridges between IoT devices and the cloud or central servers)
✅ Functions of IoT Gateways:
Protocol translation (e.g., Zigbee to Wi-Fi)
Local data processing (edge computing)
Data encryption and security
Device management and firmware updates
Types of Gateways:
##Network Gateways(Route data between local devices and the internet)
##Protocol Gateways(Convert communication protocols)
##Edge Gateways(Perform data processing near the data source)
##Security Gateways(Enforce encryption, firewalls, and intrusion detection)
##Cloud Gateways
LAN
within a limited area such as a home, office, or building.
Wi-Fi network
WAN
large geographical area, often composed of multiple LANs.
The Internet, or a bank’s network connecting ATMs across cities.
M2M (Machine-to-Machine Communication)
Direct communication between two or more devices or machines without human intervention.
A vending machine sending restock alerts to a central server.
KM (Knowledge Management)
The process of capturing, sharing, and managing knowledge within an organization
Creating a database of IoT project learnings for future reference.
right information reaches the right people at the right time — turning raw data and experience into actionable insights.
Explicit Knowledge
Documented, structured information
Examples: Manuals, SOPs, guides, databases
Tacit Knowledge
Personal, experience-based, hard to document
Examples: Problem-solving skills, expertise of a technician
Smart Agriculture: Documenting best practices based on data from weather sensors, soil sensors,
Healthcare: Analyzing wearable data over time to support patient treatment plans
IoT Analytics
The process of collecting, analyzing, and visualizing data generated by IoT devices to extract useful insights.
Predicting machine failure in factories
Optimizing traffic in smart cities
Health trend analysis using wearable data
