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Crimonology Unit 4 > Ac 3.1 > Flashcards

Ac 3.1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Social control involves getting people to conform to societies, norms and laws. They’re range of agencies involved in social control. What are these?

A

The police
The CPS.
The judiciary.
Prisons.
Bashan service.

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2
Q

The police are the main way that the government achieves social control over people however, they did not always exist.
What was peels main reason for setting up the police?

A

To reform the law and enforce the law

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3
Q

Why was it so controversial of the time?

A

Fear of two similar to the army

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4
Q

What did he tried to show people about the police?

A

They won’t control people, but they will control crime

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5
Q

What were the five aspects of Sir Robert Peel is philosophy of policing

A

the basic mission of the police is prevent crime and disorder
The polices ability to perform their duties depends on the public approval and cooperation.
The use of physical force is a last resort.
The police is duty is that on impartially, serve the law
The police are the public and the public and the police police are just people and you go and pay to do full-time or citizens must do that is uphold the law

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6
Q

What are the 10 standards of professional behaviour?

A

Honesty and integrity.
Authority, respect and courtesy.
Equality and adversity.
Use of force.
Orders and instructions.
Duties and responsibilities.
Confidentiality.
Fitness for work
Conduct
Challenging and reporting improper behaviour.

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7
Q

Which are essential for social control

A

Use of force- physically compelling people to abide by the law
Equality and diversity - promotes respect, it’s important to have good relationships within all communities
Authority, respect and courtesy - works both ways

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8
Q

According to the Association of chief police officers, the aims of the police are to

A

Keep the peace and maintain order.
Protect life and property.
Prevent detect and investigate crime.
Bring offenders to justice.

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9
Q

Achieve these aims using specific legal powers to stop question, search arrest detain in a police station and interview a member of the public in relation to a crime. Most of these powers are given under what act

A

Peace, 1984

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10
Q

What was the annual budget for the police in 2023/24

A

£17.6 billion

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11
Q

Where does the police budget come from?

A

2/3 from central government?
Most of the rest comes from local council tax.
Small percentage from charging for private police -£30 million of tax cost to policing football

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12
Q

How many police forces are in UK?

A
  1. In total
    39 in England.
    Foreign Wales.
    One in Scotland.
    One in Northern Ireland.
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13
Q

What are the specialist police organisations with UK wide reach?

A

British transport, police
National crime agency.
Border force.

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14
Q

The police deal with virtually all types of offences and offender, or those on specials law-enforcement to deal with certain kinds of crimes and criminals. What does HM revenue and customs deal with?

A

Tax evasion and tax fraud

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15
Q

What are police duties?

A

Arrest and detain?
Search
Patrolling.
Working with Community
Responding to 999 calls.
Secure and crime scenes.
Gathering evidence.

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16
Q

What specialist unit do we have in the UK?

A

K9
Mounted police.
Underwater unit.
River police
Riot police.
Drugs unit.
Covert surveillance

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17
Q

What percentage of police don’t carry guns

A

More than 90% don’t

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18
Q

Why are most police and armed?

A

Reflects peels philosophy that they use of force is the last resort

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19
Q

What are special constables and what do they do?

A

Volunteer police officers that have the same powers

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20
Q

What are PCSOs and what do they do?

A

Prevent crime, but don’t have the power of arrest

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21
Q

What are police and crime Commissioner’s and what do they do?

A

Responsible for totality of policing in the areas

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22
Q

There are different policing styles, techniques and approaches in different units. Explain to policing styles.

A

Zero tolerance- diminished threat of violence, right realist, aggressive, law-enforcement
Intelligence led policing, - a modern approach to law-enforcement that focuses on gathered information to inform policing operations

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23
Q

How does the police exercise social control 

A

Stop and search
Arrest detain question suspects.
PCS, those work on the front line dealing with antisocial behaviour.
Surveillance monitoring.
Crime prevention controlling level of crime before happens.

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24
Q

What are the strengths of the police?

A

High numbers of cases make it to trial every year due to the police is investigative work.
There are now more police officers from minority ethnic backgrounds.
The police are effective at preventing crime and combating antisocial behaviour.
The police have specialist departments.
The police have improved the measuring of offences, statistics on a more reliable which helps and build a more accurate picture of crime.
Statistics indicate an overall downward trend in offending over the past two decades before stabilising in the past few years
Effective at issue in notices ordering people to stop unacceptable behaviour.
The government is in the process of trying to recruit 20,000 new police officers.

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25
What are the limitations of the police
Macpherson report noted the Metropolitan police’s failure to gather evidence and investigate leads in the Stephen Lawrence case The public do not always trust the police and withhold information from them. Please shooting of Mark Duggan lead to London riots Cases of being used disproportionately against people from minority ethnic backgrounds. Knife and firearms offensive have risen by 20% Over 34,000 reported cases were dropped by the metropolitan police in 2016. This means that crimes are not being solved Staff shortages cause delays in responding to incidents which puts victims at risk. In 2018 to 19, fewer than 8% of offences lead to a suspect being charged or ordered to appear in court. Police racism, stop and search is disproportionately used against black people Budget cuts means fewer offices and smaller budgets are investigating crime. Inspectors concern that police doesn’t have enough resources in place to effectively manage all dangerous offenders. Seven police forces have been dubbed in adequate for failing to record hundreds of thousands of crimes reported to them.
26
What are the CPS?
Crown, prosecution service Represent prosecution, side in court. Stop bias Decide charge.
27
What are five aims and objectives of the CPS
Advised police in their investigations about lines of enquiry and the evidence needed to build a case. Independently assesses the evidence submitted to it by the police and keeps cases under continuous review. Decides whether to prosecute, and if so, what charges should be bough prepares, prosecutions case and presents it in court, using its own lawyers and self-employed specialists It assists in forms and supports victims and prosecution witnesses
28
What is the CPS?
Crown Prosecution Service Represent prosecution side in court. Stops bias. Decide charge. Responsibilities, under criminal justice act 2003
29
What are five aims and objectives of CPS
Advised police in their investigations about lines of enquiry and evidence needed to build a case. Independently assesses the evidence submitted to it by the police and keeps cases under continuous review. Decides whether to prosecute, and if so, what charges should be bought. Prepares the prosecutions case and presents in court using its own lawyers and self-employed specialists. In it assists in forms and support, victims and prosecution witnesses
30
What are five values that underpin the work of the CPS?
Independence and fairness-prosecution without bias. Honesty and openness. Treating everyone with respect Behaving professionally and striving for excellence. Equality and inclusion.
31
What is the main source of the CPS funding?
Half £1 billion most comes from the government
32
What types of crimes and offences does the CVS deal with?
All types, particularly serious cases, 
33
How many regional teams are there in the CPS?
14
34
What is CCPS direct?
An out of hours service, they provide advice to the police
35
Who is the head of the CPS?
Stephen Parkinson
36
There is a code of practice used to help decide if a prosecution should take place. It has to pass and both must be satisfied from prosecution to take place. What are these
Evidential test. Public interest test
37
What questions does the evidential test ask?
Is there enough evidence to provide a realistic prospect of conviction?
38
What questions does the public interest test ask?
How serious is your fence? What is the suspects level of culpability? What harm has a victim suffered? The suspects age immaturity What is the impact of the event on the Community? Is prosecution of portion of response to the events. Do information sources require protection.
39
Even if there’s not enough evidence currently available for media prosecution suspect may still be charged in circumstances. In these cases, the CPS must apply
Threshold test
40
Two. Aspects of the threshold test.
Must be reasonable grounds to believe that the suspect is guilty, and that enough for the evidence can be obtained later to secure a conviction. Defensive serious enough to justify immediate charging and it would be too risky to allow bail. Any decision to charge must be kept under review.
41
How does CCPS CPS exercise
Work together with the least exercise, social control and advise them. Prosecute suspects, reinforces moral code of society.
42
The judiciary The philosophy of the judiciary send up in six principles in the guide to judicial conduct, 2016. These lay down the standards for judges, ethical conduct and include
Judicial independence-independent from government. Impartiality -not showing favour to one side. Integrity. -strong moral principles. propriety.- upholding accepted standards of behaviour. Insure an equal treatment to everyone who comes before the court Competence. -knowledge/ability to do the job
43
What are the two oath that the judges swear?
The oath of allegiance to the king, his heirs and successors The judicial oath ‘to do right to all manner of people after the laws, and usage of this realm , without fear or favour, affectionate of ill will’ This means - to treat people equally with impartiality, and according to the law
44
Basic role of the judiciary is the interpret and apply the law to the cases that come before in the courts. In a crown court, what is the judges rule?
Consider evidence. Make charging decisions.
45
In an appeals court, what is the judges roll?
Judges make Rawlings on the appeal to come before them from lower courts in the hierarchy
46
The pain of the judiciary is based on the advice of an independent body. The senior salaries review body which makes recommendations to the prime minister in the lord chancellor on how much judges should be paid. In 2024, how much did the most senior judge receive?
£312,000
47
How much does district judges receive?
£134,000
48
The position of judges reflects the importance of maintaining the independent, so they can uphold the rule of law, and defend the rights of citizens for this reason
They have security of tenure, which means I cannot be removed from office, except by petition to the King passed by the house apartments. Their salaries guaranteed.
49
What courts the superior judges sit in?
Supreme Court of appeals
50
What courts to inferior judges
Magistrates Crown
51
What types of crimes and offenders the judges deal with?
Judges deal with all types of offence and offender, except fully serious cases which are usually dealt with by magistrate or caution and fixed penalty notice issued by police
52
Which court has nationwide jurisdiction
Supreme
53
Approximately how many Crown Court when youse are there around the country?
77
54
How did judges, exercise social control?
Judges give sentences-they decide whether someone lose their freedom Judges can deter other offenders through their sentencing. George, is that a higher up in the hierarchy can create president which others have to follow in the future so they effectively make and change the law. People must follow judges decision. Otherwise, there are consequences. Reinforcing the norms and more codes of our society by attaching a criminal label to behaviour.
55
What percentage of charge is in England or in Wales or white male over 50 and privately educated
Male, 57% White 89% Over 5082% Privately educated, 65%
56
Why is this a limitation?
Only 7% of the population is privately educated, so it’s not representative of the majority. Will have bias.
57
Prisons What is the purpose of HM Prison and probation service?
Preventing victims by changing the lives of offenders
58
What are the three main aims of the prison service?
Protect the public from harm. Rehabilitate offenders so that so they can contribute positively to society. Whole prisoners securely and implement the sentences and orders of the court.
59
What is the average cost of keeping a prisoner in prison?
£52,000. £80,000 for Young offenders.
60
Who pays for prisons?
Government and taxation
61
In 20,24, what was the budget for prisons?
Approximately £10, billion, 5% lower than 2023
62
What has happened due to change in funding?
Staffing levels have fallen by 13% between 2023 and 24 More experience office as a leading due to mental health problems
63
In 2022 how many prisons were there in England and Wales and who ran them
122 prisons holding approximately 87,000 105 public sector run by government 15 private prisons
64
What types of crimes and offenders the prison deal with
High-risk offenders deemed unsuitable to serve the sentence in the community
65
What are the categories of prisons?
Category ABCD
66
What is a category a prison?
High security Thos who try to escape would be highly dangerous to the public e.g. murderers rapists terrorist. HMP, Belmarsh , Wakefield, Manchester
67
What is a category B prison?
Do not require maximum security, but Xscape still needs to be made very difficult. HMP, Lewes Wandsworth, Pentonville.
68
What is a category C prison
Cannot be trusted in open conditions, but I’d like you to try and escape. HMP Wrexham, beywin
69
What is a category d prison
Can be reasonably trusted not to try and escape. Open prison.
70
How is HMP Berwyn trying to be a better person in terms of rehabilitating prisoners?
Making custody experience similar to Community to make transition smoother. No institutionalised language-called by name, room not cells, people not prisoners. Everyone has a chance to education.
71
How are they hoping that their regime will help them and the prisoners?
Main goal is to reduce reoffending
72
What happens to prisoners who have attempted escape from prison?
Play some escape list. Handcuffed and bright yellow clothing when transported. Change sells often.
73
Why are prisons criticised for not meeting him of rehabilitation of offenders?
Criticised for lack of education, training and work experience. In 2018, the chief inspector of prison and found for 50% of prisons inspected did not have enough useful programs.
74
Why are there two few activities for prisoners?
Only two out of fibrocyst as delivering good or reasonably good activities, compared to more than 2/3. In 2009 and 10. Cuts in the number of prison offices means to have staff to supervise.
75
What are incentives and earned privileges?
Rewards prisoners can earn by keeping to the rules
76
How are IEPs used to help control prisoners behaviours
Miss behaviour equals reduced outside/wreck times, solitary confinement. Good behaviour equals more rec time more belongings.
77
How to prisons achieve social control
 Loss of freedom Deter others fear of punishment. Keeps rest of society law-abiding Token economy is condition prisoners into behaving by recording of behaviour.
78
The probation service What are the three core values, an ethical principles of the National probation service?
Delete that offenders can change for the better and become responsible members of society. Belief in the work and dignity of the individual. Commitment to social justice.
79
The NPS describe yourself as a statutory criminal justice service that supervisors high-risk offenders released into the community and provide statutory support to the victims of serious sexual violent crimes. What is the priority of the NPS?
Public protection by rehabilitating offenders by Takin, the causes of their offending
80
Who does the MPS work in partnership with?
Courts, police and partners in the private and voluntary sector is
81
How will the probation service supervise offenders serving a sentence in the community?
Requirements up to 300 hours of unpaid work, curfew exclusion order group program
82
How would the probation service supervise offenders who have been released on license from prison?
Business so in 12 months or more, normally released on license halfway through their sentence requirements are attached for their release
83
Who pays for the probation service?
The government and it comes from general taxation
84
What are community rehabilitation companies?
Private businesses that have a contract with the Ministry of Justice to provide probation services paid for meeting targets agreed in the contract
85
In 2018, what was found out about the money that was spent on CRCs
 up to £342 million. I’ve been spent on CRCs without clear benefits.
86
What happened regarding funding of the probation service in 2020?
And to all private contracts for probation
87
What types of crimes and offenders do the NPS and CRCs deal with?
Around 240,000 offenders are on probation is offenders are deemed safe enough to serve the sentence in the community
88
What is the National probation service responsible for
Preparing pre-sentence report for court to help them select the most appropriate sentences. Managing approved premises for a friend as the sentence includes a residential requirement. Assessing prisoners to repair them for release on license back into the community. Helping offenders serving the sentence in the community to meet the requirements all by the court. When an offender receive the prison sentence of 12 months or more for a serious or violent crime, or is it ain’t as a mental health patient National probation service communicates with them, prioritises the well-being of offenders, victim victim
89
How does the National probation service achieve social control?
Tried to persuade people and compel them to comply with the rules. Put restrictions on offenders movements Requires them to undergo treatment trying to change their behaviour. Threat of future punishment for lawbreaking? Works with other agencies to safeguard the public.
90
Charities and pressure groups. How to charities in pressure groups different from the police prisons and the probation service.
Voluntary nonprofit organisations that are independent from government control
91
What are charities?
Organisation set up to help those in need
92
What are pressure groups?
Organisations that campaign for change
93
How does NACRO describe itself?
Social justice charity seeking to change, lives, strengthen communities, and prevent crime aims to overcome the stereotypical view of the offender
94
Summarise NACROs services
Housing providers, bail, accommodation and support services. Education in 2018, 4900 studied through the services. Resettlement advice about employment, education and accommodation. Outreach programs to keep young people from offending.
95
Examples of campaigns that NACRO has been involved with
Ban the box campaign Enables people with convictions to compete for jobs by removing the tick box on criminal convictions that appear on many job application forms
96
Where does NACRO receive funding from and about How much does it get?
Around £77 million a year from public donations and government grants
97
What types of crimes in offenders does NACRO deal with?
Range of offenders. Works with young people at risk of offending e.g. excluded from school.
98
What is the coverage across the country of NACROS activities?
Projects in 50 different parts of England and Wales

Crimonology Unit 4 (10 decks)

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