Ac 3.2 Flashcards
(39 cards)
Some creamy criminologists argue that the built environment can affect the level of crime. They are the agency such as architects builders town, planners and local councils can design crime out by changing the physical layout of an area. The architect Oscar Newman argues that some spaces are defensible, while others are indefensible.
What are defensible spaces?
The environment can be designed to encourage ownership amongst residents and that is their area and they control it.
Certain layouts can tell outsiders of the areas for the private use of residence.
Cul-de-sacs project, this private image, and also encourage a sentence of Community.
What are indefensible spaces?
Crime is more likely to occur.
Has confused areas of public space such as walkways stairways lifts lobbies.
Belong to no one cared for by no one and observe by no one.
Newmans ideas about defensible space will develop further by an American criminologist Ciara Jeffrey, who introduced the approach known as CPTED
what is CPTED
Crime prevention through environmental design.
Built environment can lead to create or deny opportunities to criminals. Therefore, by altering the environment we can reduce a crime.
What did alice Coleman discover?
Alice Coleman analysed 4099 tower blocks in the UK and concluded that poor design was responsible for a lot of crime three features, encouraged it anonymity, lack of surveillance and easy escape
What else has been discovered and relates to CPTED?
In the lisson green estate in London, the removal of overhead walkways reduce crime by 50%.
The building industry now uses a secured by design kite mark scheme, which indicates where the new build house meets a crime prevention standards. Home Office research found a 30% lower burglary in SED houses
Gated lanes are in example of CPTED.
In a review of 43 studies, Sidebottom et al found that gated lanes reduce burglary rates. What reasons do you think they give for this?
Provides a physical barrier. This increases the effort to commit crime.
Residents responsible for closing gate so they feel protected.
Increase sense of territoriality.
Reduces excuse that they thought there was a public space.
Projects, image of a safe space, avoids the broken window theory, when an uncared-for space can invite crime.
Cost could be an issue for residence in more walking past areas. These communities are a disadvantage. Were Gates cost an average of £728.
Limitations of gated lanes
Don’t work against criminals that live within the gated area.
In areas where neighbours don’t know or trust each other that we less likely to get together to install the gates and might not take responsibility for it.
Might be difficulties installing gates if the alley is the public right-of-way, or has several owners owners as they all need to agree.
Dated lanes may be a problem for emergency services
How does CPT ED have links with the right realist theories and ideas?
Situational crime prevention- target hardening by changing physical environment to make it harder to commit crime.
Felsons routine activity theory.- importance of a capable guardian protecting potential crime targets.
Rational choice, theory.-sees offenders acting rationally if intruders fear their going to be challenged they’ll stay away
Criticisms of C P, T,ED
Although it has had some success in reducing crime rates in certain areas, their civil criticisms of this approach.
What about insiders who commit crime to for example, domestic abuse?
What about crimes that don’t require physical intrusion, for example, cybercrime fraud and white-collar crime
The criminals always operate in hidden places, no, for example, graffiti
And areas reputation, rather than its design, may cause a high crime rate as police record as a crime ridden area and then patrol it more.
Displacement doesn’t reduce crime just move is it?
Another way in which the built environment can be used for social control is the way the prisons are designed
What is Jeremy Bentham’s design for the Panopticon prison
Design, so the girls can see all the prisoners, but the prisoners can’t see the guards, so they’re on their best behaviours at all times because they don’t know when they’re being watched
300 prisons around the world
How does Benthams idea link to the surveillance theory?
Folk out, took Benthams ideas to talk about surveillance. He argued that surveillance has become an important way that she is being social control. We know we might be being watched so we monitor and control of behaviour ourselves. He said at the point of the penal system as it had evolved over time was for the powerful to control the working class from that actually stamp out crime.
Surveillance has become self surveillance
There are other prison designs, such as the American Supermax jails
Housing high security risk offenders to pose a threat to national and international security.
Cost three times more to build and operate, then traditional Mac security prisons.
In 2021 $1 billion was spent to build to Supermac’s prisons.
How do norways prison is different from others
Norway bastoy prison
Norway has the lowest recidivism rate in the world because they believe in taking away freedom and not life.
They choose k not a focus on the crime has been committed, but trying to make a change in the way of thinking and focusing on what is what works and what is good’
What my critics say about these prisons
That is like a holiday camp and it’s too soft because they live in houses not cells
What would left realists argue about this prisons?
Very low reoffending rate 20% compared to the UK 60%
Shows that it works
What are behavioural tactics?
Ways in which agencies can see to change individuals behaviour to make them conform to social norms and law.
What are ASBOs
And as there was an antisocial behaviour order introduced in 1998 to deal with low-level antisocial behaviour, such as graffiti, noisy neighbours, public consequence, and so on as opposed to civil orders and were used to restrain a person from committing actions that threaten the legal right of another person E.g. in order to stop someone behaving noisily outside someone’s house late at night.
What advantages for both the individual and the authorities are there for issuing an Asbo of the following criminal proceedings?
Individual
Avoid criminal record which could stop them getting a job.
Avoids labels.
Keep young people out the criminal justice system.
Clear guidelines that helps understand consequences.
Chance to rehabilitate
Authorities
Because I’m more serious offences
Quicker and cheaper saving this criminal justice system time in money.
Don’t require lengthy court proceedings.
Crime prevention?
Stop is more serious behaviour from developing.
What are the consequences if you breach an Asbo
Criminal offence
It became clear that has those are not working
Between 2000, and 2013, as those were issued to 24,000 people,
50% breach that has those conditions.
10,000 orders will breach repeatedly.
What does labelling theory argue?
Labelling a person has a criminal can lead to a self-fulfilling prophecy in the situation in individual internalises the label as part of their identity they begin to live up to the label, earning status and credibility from their peers. Labelling theory, suggest that as boys become a badge of honour for some young offenders, this reinforces, rather than reduces their offending behaviour and leads to repeat offending.
What were asbos replaced with?
ASBOs were replaced in 2014 by criminal behaviour orders
What are criminal behaviour orders CBOs
Are imposed by the courts.
A part of antisocial behaviour crime and policing act 2014.
A CBO can place restrictions on what an offender can do and where they can go.
A CBI requires offenders to attend programs and support to address their antisocial behaviour.
Breaching RCBO can result in a fine and imprisonment.
It is important that the terms of the CVO are responsible and proportionate.
