Ac 3.2: Descrube The Contribution Of Agencies To Achieving Social Control Flashcards
(22 cards)
How does environmental design affect the level of crime?
By influencing potential offenders
By affecting people’s ability to have control over their surroundings
What did architect Oscar Newman argue?
That some places are defensible while others are indefensible
What are defensible spaces?
Clear boundaries with a clear owner (e.g. a house garden)
What are indefensible spaces?
Areas that crime is likely to occur, not owned or looked after by anyone specifically (e.g. stairs, alleys, lifts)
What are the 4 key things a defensible area has to stop crime?
Territoriality, natural surveillance, safe image, safe location
What is meant by territoriality?
There is ownership over a specific space, clear signs/walls/gate
What is meant by natural surveillance?
Areas that are easy to be seen from neighbours/passers by (e.g. houses facing each other)
What is meant by safe image?
A building design which looks looked after
What is meant by safe location?
Low crime rate in that area
C.R. Jeffery developed Newman’s ideas by?
Introducing CPTED (Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design)
What did Alice Coleman state alongside CPTED?
The poor design of 4,099 blocks of flats in London increased crime rates
How are gates lanes an example of CPTED?
‘Design crime out’. They’re lockable and prevent offenders gaining access to alleyways.
How does CPTED link to right realism Situational Crime Prevention (SCP)?
Target hardening - by changing physical environment to make it harder to commit crime.
How does CPTED link to right realism rational choice theory?
Sees offenders acting rationally, e.g. intruders fear they’ll be challenged by residents
How does CPTED link to right realism broken windows theory?
Mutual surveillance by neighbours acts as a guardian
Criticism of CPTED?
Not useful for DV crimes
Natural surveillance is limited
Design isn’t only reason for crime
Assumes people inside community don’t commit crimes
What criminological theories would criticise CPTED?
Left Realism - circumstances like poverty cause crime, not design
What is the panopticon?
Prison design with cells around the outside and security in the middle.
How does the panopticon act as a form of social control?
Prison inmates assume and feel they are being watched - not as much need for prison guards.
Who is the philosopher that introduced the concept of the panopticon?
Foucault
What acts as an electrical panopticon?
Phones, CCTV, computers, social media - controlled by being monitored online
