AC-Ch. 1 Tree Biology Flashcards by John Parker

Fine, fibrous roots to take up water and minerals. Most are within the top 12 inches of soil.

Absorbing roots

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Area at the base of a petiole, small branch, or flower where cellular breakdown leads to leaf, flower, or fruit drop

Abscission Zone

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Abscission Zone’s two functions

To enable leaf drop.
To protect the region of the stem from which the leaf has fallen against desiccation and pathogen entry.

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Bud arising from a place other than a leave axil or shoot tip, usually as a result of hormonal triggers.

Adventitious bud

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Aboveground roots. Usually adventitious nature and sometimes having unique adaptive functions.

Aerial roots

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Plant seeds born in an ovary. Consists of two large groups: monocotyledons and dicotyledons.

Angiosperms

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Red or purple pigment responsible for those colors in some parts of trees and other plants.

Anthocyanin

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Substance applied to the foliage of plants to reduce water loss.

Antitranspirant

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Bud at the tip of a twig or shoot

Apical or terminal bud

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Condition in which the terminal bud inhibits the growth and development of the lateral buds on the same stem formed during the same season

Apical dominance

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Growing point at the tips of shoots and roots

Apical meristem

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Free spaces in plant tissue. Includes cell walls and intracellular spaces.

Apoplasm

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Plant hormones or substance that promotes or regulates the growth and development of plants. Produced at sites where cells are dividing, primarily in the shoot tips. Compounds may be synthetically produced

Auxin

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Movement of water, minerals, or Photosynthates longitudinally within a tree.

Axial transport

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Bud in the axil of a leaf. Lateral bud.

Axiliary bud

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Raised strip of bark at the top of a branch union, where the growth and expansion of the trunk or parent stem and adjoining branch push the bark into a ridge.

Branch Bark Ridge

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Area were a branch joins another branch or trunk that is created by the overlapping vascular tissues from both the branch and the trunk. Typically enlarged at the base of the branch.

Branch collar

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(1) Small lateral or terminal protuberance on the stem of a plant that may develop into a flower or shoot. (2) Undeveloped flower or shoot containing a meristematic growing point.

Bud

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Roots in the trunk base that help support the tree and equalize mechanical stress.

Buttress roots

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Thin layer of meristematic cells that give rise to the phloem and to the xylem, increasing stem and root diameter.

Cambium

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Compound, combining carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen that is produced by plants as a result of photosynthesis.

Carbohydrate

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Yellow, orange, or red pigment responsible for those colors in some parts of trees and other plants.

Carotenoid

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Long-chain, insoluble glucose polymer found in the cell walls of the majority of plants.

Cellulose

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Green pigment of plants found in chloroplasts. Captures the energy of the sun and is essential in photosynthesis.

Chlorophyll

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Specialized organelle found in some cells. Site of photosynthesis.

Chloroplast

Natural defense process in trees by which chemical and physical boundaries are created that act to limit the spread of disease and decay organisms.

Compartmentalization

Meristematic tissue from which the Corky, protective outer layer of bark is formed.

Cork cambium

Waxy layer outside of the epidermis of a leaf that reduces water loss and resists insect damage.

Cuticle

Plant hormone involved in cell division, growth, shoot initiation, leaf expansion, and other physiological processes. Compounds producting similar activity may be synthetically produced.

Cytokinin

Tree or other plant that sheds all of its foliage annually.

Deciduous

Rounded or spreading growth habit of the tree crown

Decurrent

Process in the development of cells in which they become specialized for various functions

Differentiation

Pattern of wood development in which the vessels and vessel sizes are distributed evenly throughout the annual ring

Diffuse porous

In a period of dormancy

Dormant

Xylem cells produced earlier in a season are larger and more dense than those produced later. The contrast between them is why seasonal growth appears as rings

Earlywood/Latewood

Study of the relationships among organisms and other living and non living elements of their environment

Ecology

Arising from a latent adventitious bud (growth point)

Epicormic

Tree or other plant that does not shed all of its foliage annually

Evergreen

Tree growth habit characterized by a central leader and a pyramidal crown

Excurrent

Elongated tapering thick walled cell that provides strength to wood

Fiber

Large divided leaf structures found in palms and ferns

Fronds

Plant growth produced as a response to the force of gravity (roots), or negative, as in opposite the direction of gravity (shoots)

Geotropism

Rings of xylem that are visible in a cross section of the stem, branches and roots of some trees. In temperate zones the rings typically represent one year of growth and are sometimes referred to as annual rings

Growth rings

Pair of specialized cells that regulate the opening and closing of a stomate due to a change in water pressure within cells

Guard cells

Plants with exposed seeds usually within cones

Gymnosperm

Wood that is altered from sapwood and provides chemical defense against decay-causing organisms and continues to provide structural strength to the trunk. Some trees do not have this

Heartwood

Bark that becomes embedded in a crotch between branch and trunk or between codominant stems causes a weak structure

Included bark

Cluster of flowers

Inflorescence

Region of the stem between two successive nodes

Internode

Vegetative bud on the side of a stem

Lateral bud

Root that arises by cell division in the pericycle of the parent root and then penetrates the cortex and epidermis

Lateral root

Point of attachment of a leaf petiole to a stem

Leaf axil

Small opening in the bark that permits the exchange of gases

Lenticel

Organic substance that impregnates certain cell walls to thicken and strengthen the cell to reduce susceptibility to decay and pest damage

Lignin

Undifferentiated tissue in which active cell division takes place. Found in root tips, buds, cambium, cork cambium and latent buds

Meristem

Symbiotic association between certain fungi and the roots of a plant

Mycorrhizae

Slightly enlarged portion of a stem where leaves and buds arise

Node

A subcellular structure that has one or more specific jobs to perform in a cell, much like an organ does in a body.

Organelle

Diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane from a region of higher water potential to a region of lower water potential

Osmosis

Thin walled living cells essential in photosynthesis, radial transport, energy storage and production of protective compounds

Parenchyma cells

The outer layers of tissue of woody roots and stems consisting of the cork cambium and the tissues produced by it

Periderm

Stalk or support axis of a leaf

Petiole

Plant vascular tissue that transports Photosynthates and growth regulators. Situated on the inside of bark just outside the cambium. Is bidirectional

Phloem

General term for the sugars and other carbohydrates produced during photosynthesis

Photosynthate

Process in green plants by which light energy is used to form glucose from water and carbon

Photosynthesis

Influence of light on the direction of plant growth. Tendency of plants to grow toward light.

Phototropism

Compound effective in small quantities that affects the growth and/or development of plants. May be naturally produced or synthetic

Plant growth regulator

Substance produced by a plant that in low concentrations affects physiological processes such as growth and development often at a distance from the substance point of origin

Plant hormone

Root and stem growth in length. Occurs at the apical meristems and lateral meristems of all vascular plants

Primary growth

Process of increasing plant numbers both sexually and asexually

Propagation

Lateral movement of substances perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the tree or stem

Radial transport

Parenchyma tissues that extend radially across the xylem and phloem of a tree and function in transport, storage, structural strength, and defense

Ray

Natural boundry formed chemically within a tree to separate damaged wood from existing healthy wood. Important in the process of compartmentalization

Reaction zone

In plants process by which carbohydrates are converted into energy by using oxygen

Respiration

Pattern of wood development in which the large diameter vessels are concentrated in the earlywood

Ring porous

Area where the main roots join the plant stem usually at or near ground level. Root collar

Root crown

Region at the base of a palm stem where lateral roots emerge

Root initiation zone

Dense network of roots near the base of a palm

Root mat

Outer wood (xylem) that is active in longitudinal transport of water and minerals.

Sapwood

Increase in root and stem girth or diameter. Occurs at lateral meristems in some vascular plants such as dicots

Secondary growth

Long slender phloem cell in gymnosperms

Sieve cell

Specialized phloem cells involved in Photosynthate transport. Exist only in angiosperms

Sieve tube elements

Plant part that uses or stores more energy than it produces.

Sink

Downward growing roots that provide anchorage and take up water and minerals

Sinker roots

In physiology, a plant part that produces carbohydrates. Most green parts are indicitive of chlorophyll and photosynthesis, including mature leaves and green bark.

Source

Small pores between two guard cells on the undersides of leaves and other green plant parts through which gases are exchanged and water loss is regulated

Stomata

Association of two different types of living organisms that is not detrimental to either, is beneficial to one, and often to both.

Symbiosis

Entire mass of protoplasm of all cells in a plant interconnected by plasmodesmata

Symplasm

Central, vertical root growing directly below the main stem or trunk that may or may not persist into plant maturity

Taproot

Region lying between the tropics and the poles that has relatively moderate temperatures

Temperate

Bud at the tip of a twig or shoot.

Terminal bud

Elongated, tapering xylem cell adapted for the support and transport of water and elements

Tracheid

Water vapor loss through the stomata of leaves

Transpiration

Tendency of growth or variation of a plant in response to an external stimulus such as gravity or light

Tropism

Small stem that provides a support structure for leaves, flowers, and fruit.

Twig

End to end, tubelike, water conducting cells in the xylem of angiosperms

Vessels

Main water and mineral conducting tissue in trees and other plants. Provides structural support. Arises inward from the cambium and becomes wood after lignifying. Unidirectional up only

Xylem

Name all the functions or the root system

Absorption, conduction, anchorage, storage & hormone production

Name the major layers of a tree from outside to inside in order

Bark phloem cambium xylem

AC-Ch. 1 Tree Biology Flashcards

(100 cards)