AC3.2 Describe the contribution of agencies to achieving social control Flashcards
(19 cards)
What are the three tactics agencies use to contribute achieving social control?
Environmental Design
Behavioural Tactics
Institutional Tactics
What are the limitations agencies have in achieving social control?
Gaps in state provision.
Who described spaces as defensible or indefensible?
Oscar Newman
What are indefensible spaces?
Spaces where crime is likely to occur. He refers to these spaces as ‘confused areas’. These spaces do not belong to, are not cared for and not observed by anyone.
What percentage of crimes happen in indefensible spaces?
Oscar Newman’s study found 55% of all crimes happened in indefensible spaces.
What are defensible spaces?
Spaces that have clear boundaries so there is no doubt who has the right to be there.
What did Oscar Newman argue about defensible spaces?
He argued there is low crime rates in these spaces due to a: Safe image and location
Territoriality
Natural surveillance
What is CPTED?
Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design
What did Alice Coleman find in her study?
In Alice Coleman’s analysis of blocks of flats in London. Her conclusion found poor anonymity, lack of surveillance, easy escape, encouraged crime.
What did Alice Coleman recommend following her study?
She made recommendations like removing overhead walkways that obstruct surveillance e.g. gated lanes, a CPTED tactic which prevented offenders accessing alleyways.
Theories linked to CPTED
Situational crime prevention is when changes to physical environment make it harder to commit crime.
Rational choice theory as intruders will fear being challenged by residents so they’ll stay away from the area.
Criticisms of CPTED
CPTED only focuses on outsiders committing crime e.g. domestic violence not prevented.
CPTED doesn’t prevent offences that don’t involve physical intrusion e.g. cybercrime.
Example of prisons using environmental design.
The Panopticon where all prisoner cells are visible to guards in a central viewing point. Prisoners behave more supporting the surveillance theory.
What are institutional tactics?
Where institutions use methods like rules to behave along with the punishment and rewards to achieve social control. e.g. schools punish students for not being punctual.
What tactics do criminal justice institutions use?
They have tactics to enforce obedience to their rules and achieving social control e.g. prisons have rules like threatening or hurting someone may result in solitary confinement.
What are behavioural tactics?
Ways in which agencies seek to change an individual’s behaviour to make them conform to social norms and laws.
What are ASBOs and their purpose?
ASBO (Anti Social Behaviour Order) were introduced to combat low level anti-social behaviour e.g. vandalism. It restrains an individual from threatening the legal right of another. A breach of the condition could lead to 5 years in prison.
Theory linked to ASBOs.
Labelling theorists argued labelling person as a criminal may lead to a self-fulfilling prophecy where individuals internalise the label and live up to it.
What are CBOs and their purpose?
CBO (Criminal Behaviour Orders) replaced ASBOs and deal with anti-social individuals who harass, alarm or distress others.
