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criminology UNIT 2 > AC4.1- Criminological theories & policy development > Flashcards

AC4.1- Criminological theories & policy development Flashcards

(54 cards)

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1
Q

what are the biological policy developments?

A

neurochemicals+diet
chemical castration
eugenics
death penalty

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2
Q

What is the neurochemicals + diet policy?

A

The Balance Of Good Health Model (Edwards Et Al 2001)

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3
Q

What did Virkkunen et al (1987) find?
(neurochemicals + diet)

A

found that violent offenders have lower serotonin levels and this can be treated by a diet that contains foods such as salmon, nuts and chocolate

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4
Q

What did Schoethaler (1982) find?
(neurochemicals + diet)

A

found that a reduced sugar diet reduced anti-social behaviour by 48%

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5
Q

What did Gesch Et Al (2002) find in support of the neurochemicals + diet policy?

A

231 young male prisoners agreed to daily supplements or placebo drugs and found a 35% reduction in disciplinary incidents per 1,000 person-days.
Violent incidents dropped by 37% and in the placebo group only 10%
A healthy diet is sufficient to change chemicals in the brain and significantly reduce violence and aggression due to boosted serotonin and dopamine levels

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6
Q

What is the link to theory for neurochemicals + diet policy?

A

Brain Chemistry

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7
Q

What is chemical castration?

A

Anti-androgens (cyproterone acetate, flutamide, bicalutamide) pills which block androgen hormones such as testosterone which is implicated in aggression

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8
Q

What is the link to theory for chemical castration?

A

Sex Hormones

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9
Q

do chemical castrations work?

A

Cyproterone acetate is usually administered in 2 or 3 daily dosages, flutamide 3x a day and bicalutamide is the most common 1x a day.

Volunteers were given a pill or anti-libidinal intervention to reduce their sex drive
but a reduced libido doesn’t mean reduced reoffending
once the treatment is stopped the effect will no longer work
Sweden, Denmark and Canada noticed a drop from 40% to 5%

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10
Q

What countries permit the use of chemical castration?

A

France
Poland
Australia
Belgium
Russia
Sweden
Turkey
UK

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11
Q

What are eugenics?

A

Breeding for strong qualities/characteristics but was previously misused for the purpose of eliminating certain ethnic groups

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12
Q

What is the link to theory for eugenics?

A

Genetic inheritence

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13
Q

Do eugenics work?

A

Nazis breeding Aryons & killing the “faulty”- Gays, Jews, Slavs, gypsies

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14
Q

What is the death penalty?

A

execution of person convicted for a serious crime

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15
Q

What is the history of the death penalty in the UK?

A

In 1965 there was a temporary abolition
as a result murder rate did not soar so there was a permanent abolition of it for murder in 1963

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16
Q

What it the Link to theory for the death penalty?

A

Genetics

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17
Q

Does the death penalty work?

A

Not really
In the USA statistics show that the murder rate is lower in states that don’t have the death penalty that those that do
In 2015, murder rate was 25% higher in death penalty states than in non-penalty.
There’s other influencing factors as to why people murder and people rarely make reasoned and rational decisions based on future consequences

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18
Q

What are the individualistic policy developments?

A

Psychoanalysis
Behaviour modification
training programmes
anger management

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19
Q

What is psychoanalysis?

A

A treatment where the patient verbalises their thoughts through a variety of methods to access unconscious thoughts/ memories where they talk about whatever comes to mind

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20
Q

What is the link to theory for psychoanalysis?

A

The psychodynamic theory

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21
Q

Does psychoanalysis work?

A
  • might not work on prisoners with life sentences who have no hope of getting out so they don’t care
    -A study in 2010 concluded cognitive behavioural therapy worked
    -it’s time consuming, unlikely to provide answers
    -Blackburn (1993) said there’s few positive evaluations as a method with offenders
    -may evoke some painful memories and raises ethical concerns
    -creates a power imbalance between therapist and patients
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22
Q

What is behaviour modification?

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A

a method which extinguishes undesirable behaviours and promote desirable ones, criminal behaviour is punished in order to weaken the thought-process leading to the illegal behaviour

23
Q

What is the link to theory for behaviour modification?

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A

Operant conditioning

24
Q

What is the policy introduced for behaviour modification?

Study These Flashcards
A

The Token Economy- where a token is given for a desired action which is later exchanged for a ‘treat’ (money, family visits, televisions, phone calls)
Fo & O’Donnel ‘buddy system’ adult volunteers were assigned to a young offender as a positive role model

25
Does the policy for behaviour modification work?
-Hobbs & Holt 1976: they have a short-term effectiveness with young offenders and (Allyan & Milan 1979) adult offenders -doesn't work on high risk offenders -mixed results on low risk offenders -Jeffrey Dahmer's "buddy" strangled him to death
26
What are training programmes?
Social skills training which improves skills in order to avoid offending where they work on social competence, problem solving, decision-making, communication and self-management
27
What is the link to theory for training programmes?
Learning/observation theory
28
Do training programmes work?
Once training has stopped, the benefit from it can often be forgotten and even disappear in the long time
29
What is anger management?
Aims to avoid violent offences taking place by people unable to control their anger.
30
What is the link to theory for anger managment?
Cognitive theories
31
Does anger management work?
-Novaco (1975) says they don't know how to deal with their anger -cognitive behavioural techniques are used to help offenders deal with their feelings of anger (Ainsworth 2000 & Howitt 2008)
32
What are the sociological policy developments?
Penal populism Prison Zero tolerance Restorative justice CCTV Multi-agency approach Magdalene laundries
33
What is penal populism?
The government's attempt at proposing laws to punish offenders that will be popular with the general population According to Professor David Wilson (2014) the policy is a result of the James Bulger in 1993 The media fuelled this concern of violent crimes with headlines about the need not to be soft on crime There was a consensus between the political parties that needed to be tough on crime and that offenders need to be punished
34
What is the link to theory for penal populism?
Marxism, functionalism
35
Does penal populism work?
-Rising numbers in jails from 45,000 in 1993 to 83,000 by 2018 - overcrowded prisons -Mass incarceration without a corresponding decrease in crime -Automatic life sentences for a 2nd serious sexual violent offence -A minimum of 7 years for a 3rd class A drug trafficking conviction -A minimum of 3 years for a 3rd domestic burglary conviction
36
What is prison?
A secure facility where individuals are incarcerated as a punishment for crimes or while awaiting trial. There are different sentences: -Consecutive sentence: served 1 year after the other -suspended sentence: served in the community with conditions often relating to unpaid work -determinate sentence: of a fixed length -indeterminate sentence: of no fixed length
37
What is the link to theory for prison?
Right Realism
38
Does prison work?
46% of adults are reconvicted within 1 year of release self-harm, drugs, violent assaults, suicide serious assault have doubled in the last 3 years costs the economy between £9.5-13 billion Can't control prisoners and they're overcrowded since 1994
39
What is zero tolerance?
All crimes are acted on, no matter how trivial they are to avoid subjective treatment and bias Punishments must given in accordance with a policy and police should focus on 'quality of life' crimes such as vandalism, prostitution
40
What is the link to theory for zero tolerance?
Broken window theory
41
Does zero tolerance work?
-crime has fallen in areas with zero-tolerance policing -works in heavily populated areas high policing and crimes but little effect in dispersed populations Racial tension if people feel prejudiced Use computers to analyse crime hot spots street by street and crime Signs of vandalism=urban decay
42
What is restorative justice
not used for serious offences voluntary process where the victim and perpetrator work together to talk about what happened in trained facilities with a facilitator government funded
43
What is the link to theory for restorative justice?
Functionalism
44
Does restorative justice work?
Motivates offenders to turn away from a life of crime Can reduce PTSD in victims - 85% satisfied Reduces offending rates- 14% allows victim to voice their feelings
45
What is CCTV?
-Closed-Circuit Television which has implications as a deterrent to prevent crimes -cameras have facial & voice recognition -identification of perpetrator/suspect is difficult without CCTV -prison guards can observe inmates without the prisoners knowing whether they were being watched
46
What is the link to theory for CCTV?
Surveillance theory- panopticism
47
Does CCTV work?
-can make a small but statistically significant -reduction in crime -can provide compelling evidence -Gill and Loveday found that very few criminals were put off by CCTV -Murderers of James Bulger caught on CCTV -Black Blades 23/24
48
What is the Multi-Agency Approach?
-Co operation between agencies working in the criminal justice system -increases the risk of detecting crimes and prevent it from happening in the first place
49
What was the policy introduced from the Multi-Agency Approach?
Section 5 Of The Crime And Disorder Act 1998- statutory duty on the local authorities, police, health authorities and probation committees to work together
50
Does the Multi-Agency Approach Policy work?
-Can improve facilities for young people to provide alternatives to crime safeguarding, Domestic Violence, Child Sexual Exploitation
51
What is the link to theory for the Multi-Agency Approach?
Functionalism
52
What are the Magdalene Laundries?
Punishment for women for perceived deviance (prostitution) reinforced social cohesion by defining acceptable behaviour through exclusion and punishment- meant to "fix" women and make them fit social norms
53
What is the link to theory for the Magdalene Laundries?
Functionalism
54
Do the Magdalene Laundries work?
No -There's no evidence that they reduced crime / rehabilitated women -Long term psychological trauma -Social alienation & abuse -studies show forced institutionalisation shows negative outcomes -In 2013 Ireland acknowledged abuses and provided compensation to survivors

criminology UNIT 2 (10 decks)

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