ACC Flashcards
(29 cards)
The anterior cingulate cortex is…(2)
- Region situated at front of CC
- Comprised of Brodmann’s Areas 24, 33 and 34
Paragraph 2
Opening line
Data from EEG studies have implicated the ACC in the detection of errors an important first step associated with behavioural monitoring
Paragraph 2
3 studies
Gehring et al., 1993
Coles et al., 1999
Scheffers & Coles, 2000
Gehring et al., 1993
An event-related potential known as the ERN has been consistently recognised at electrode sides located in the vicinity of the ACC, when an error is made in experimental paradigms
Coles et al., 1999
Scheffers & Coles, 2000
- ERN occurs slightly before an error
- ERN amplitude associated with judgements of response accuracy
Coles et al., 1999
Scheffers & Coles, 2000
Suggesting the presence of….
A constant monitoring system that is hyper-responsive to incorrect responses and inconsistencies in expected/intended versus actual outcome
Paragraph 3
Studies
Marsh et al., 2007
Miltner et al., 2003
Marsh et al., 2007
Increased fMRI activation of dorsal/rostral areas of ACC following participant losses associated with their errors
Miltner et al., (2003)
Method
Source analysis
MEG/EEG methods
Pps compleyed go-no-go paradigm
Miltner et al., 2003
Finding
Involvement of ACC and increased activity from it relating to task errors
Paragraph 4
Studies
Holroyd & Coles (2002)
Frank et al., (2005)
What is the reinforcement learning theory?
- ACC liases with MDS in detection of error
- Dip in dopamine from MDS
- Generates an ERN, which is a negative learning signal used to train the ACC
Holroyd & Coles (2002)
Evidence for the reinforcement learning theory
Reported computational/empirical evidence that was consistent with the model
Frank et a., (2005)
Method
- Reinforcement behaviour paradigm
- Initially trained using stimuli that produced probablistic ‘correct’ or ‘incorrect’ feedback
- Then novel stimuli combinations were shown which allowed researchers to determine whether the pps favoured avoiding errors or being correct
Frank et al., 2005
Findings
Larger ERN’s were associated with greater bias towards avoiding negative events
Paragraph 4
Finishing sentence
Thus, this evidence suggests that the ACC is associated with behavioural optimisation by producing a bias towards error-avoidant behaviours
Paragraph 6
Studies
Porter et al., 2019
Porter et al., 2019
Method
- Choice-behaviour paradigm (rats)
- Choice made between low-effrot route, or high-effort route which had same reward
Porter et al., 2019
Findings
- Single electrode data displayed selective ACC firing towards easier route
Porter et al., 2019
The findings suggest….
ACC was responsible for the evaluation of available options, and ultimately decision-making as to the most advantageous route
Porter et al., (2019)
Interesting, the authors reported that…
ACC monitoring was present even without a choice, suggestive of a constant/heavy involvement
Conclusion
First line
It is clear that the ACC may okay an integral role to functions associated with behaviour monitoring and optimisation
Paragraph 5
Studies (4)
Botnivick et al., 2001
Yeung et al., 2004
Gehring & Willhouby, 2002
Botnivick et al., 2004
Botvinick et al., (2001) proposed the
Conflict Monitoring Model
