Accessory glands

Question 1

What are glands?

Answer 1

Organised clusters of secretory units

Question 2

What do glands arise from?

Answer 2

Invaginated epithelial cells

Question 3

Describe the increasing complexity of a digestive gland (ducts deeper into the gland)

Answer 3

Main duct

Lobar duct

Interlobar duct

Intralobular duct

Striated duct

Intercalated duct

Acinus

Question 4

What cells line the lobar duct?

Answer 4

Stratified columnar epithelia

Question 5

What cells line the interlobar duct?

Answer 5

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Question 6

What cells line the intralobar duct?

Answer 6

Cuboidal to columnar epithelia

Question 7

What cells line the striated duct?

Answer 7

Cuboidal to columnar epithelia

Question 8

What cells line the intercalated duct?

Answer 8

Low cuboidal epithelium

Question 9

What is an acinus?

Answer 9

Rounded secretory units

Question 10

What does saliva contain?

Answer 10

Proteins, glycoproteins (mucus), ions, water and IgA.

Question 11

What are the two portions of the salivary gland?

Answer 11

Secretory portion

Duct portion

Question 12

What cell types make up the secretory portion of the salivary gland?

Answer 12

Serous cells

Mucous cells

Myoepithelial (basket) cells

Question 13

What is a characteristic feature of the myoepithelial basket cells?

Answer 13

Have several long processes that envelope the acinus

Question 14

What is characteristic about the duct portion of the salivary glands?

Answer 14

Highly branched levels

Question 15

What are the 3 major salivary glands?

Answer 15

Parotid

Submandibular

Sublingual glands

Question 16

What is mainly secreted from the parotid?

Answer 16

Serous secretion with high levels of the enzyme amylase

Question 17

What salivary gland produces most of the saliva?

Answer 17

Submandibular

Question 18

What do minor salivary glands mainly secrete?

Answer 18

Mucous

Question 19

Talk about how enzymes are stored in pancreas and salivary cells?

Answer 19

Stored as zymogens in acinar cells - released by exocytosis

Question 20

Describe what system innervates salivary glands

Answer 20

Post ganglionic fibres of autonomic nervous system

Question 21

How are salivary and pancreatic ducts similar

Answer 21

Both have branching ductal system which epithelial cells secrete into

Both compromise secretory units (lobules) made of an acinus - intercalated duct - intralobular duct - interlobular duct - pancreatic/salivary duct

Both store zymogen granules in acinar cells

Question 22

Desribe difference histologically between endocrine and exocrine pancreas

Answer 22

Exocrine pancreatic acinus release enzymes into duct

Endocrine pancreas cells release hormones into capillaries (capillaries in middle of islets)

Question 23

What do centroacinar cells do?

Answer 23

Pancreas - Form intercalated ducts and secrete buffer solution

Question 24

What is the largest gland?

Answer 24

The liver

Question 25

How many lobes is the liver divided into?

Answer 25

4

Question 26

What epithelia/connective tissue surrounds the liver?

Answer 26

Glisson’s capsule - squamous epithelium connective tissue

Question 27

What are epithelial cells of the liver?

Answer 27

Hepatocytes

Question 28

Where do blood vessels enter and leave the liver?

Answer 28

Porta hepatis

Question 29

Where do vessels leave to the gall bladder from liver?

Answer 29

Hepatic ducts

Question 30

What are the three models of liver organisation?

Answer 30

Classical liver lobule Portal lobule model Acinar model

Question 31

What is the the classical liver lobule?

Answer 31

Central vein, seen as single holes Hepatocytes radiating from the central vein separated by vascular sinusoids. Drains blood from portal vein and hepatic artery to hepatic/central vein

Question 32

What is the portal liver lobule?

Answer 32

The portal triads drain into a central site/canal Important in draining bile from hepatocyte to bile duct

Question 33

What is the portal acinus lobule?

Answer 33

Based on functional considerations Gradients of oxygen/metabolic processes Diamond arrangement of oxygenated blood supply from portal canals and drain into central vein of lobule  

Question 34

Where 3 classical lobules are in contact with each other form portal areas it is called ...

Answer 34

Triad

Question 35

Portal areas house ...

Answer 35

Branches of hepatic artery, Tributaries of portal vein, Interlobular bile ducts

Question 36

Spaces between hepatocytes occupied by

Answer 36

Sinusoids

Question 37

What are sinusoids?

Answer 37

Small blood vessels with discontinuous endothelium

Question 38

Spaces between hepatocytes membrane and sinusoidal lining ...

Answer 38

Space of Disse

Question 39

How do veins and sinusoids appear on section?

Answer 39

Veins: large non-stained oval Sinusoids: smaller non stained region (longer shape but thinner)

Question 40

How do hepatocytes normally appear?

Answer 40

Branched, usually one cell thick and at least one surfaces faces a blood sinusoid.

Question 41

What lies on the basolateral domain of the hepatocyte, what does it absorb and secrete?

Answer 41

Sinusoidal: adsorbs blood-borne substances and secretes plasma proteins (blood clotting)

Question 42

What lies on the apical domain of the hepatocyte?

Answer 42

Canalicular: borders the bile canaliculus, sealed at sides by occluding junctions to prevent leakage of bile

Question 43

What are Kupffer cells?

Answer 43

Resident macrophages of liver, line sinusoids

Question 44

What is the role of Kupffer cells?

Answer 44

Involved in breakdown of red blood cells Involved in liver's response to: infection, toxins, ischemia resection and other stresses

Question 45

What are hepatic stellate cells also known as?

Answer 45

Perisinusoidal cell, Ito cell, Hepatic pericyte, lipocyte, parasinusoidal cell, fat-storing cell

Question 46

What is the role of hepatic stellate cells?

Answer 46

Liver damage - stellate cells activated Transition from quiescent vitamin A-rich cells into, proliferative, fibrogenic, contractile myofibroblasts

Question 47

What junctions flank bile ducts?

Answer 47

Tight junctions

Question 48

What is the role of the gall bladder?

Answer 48

Acts as a reservoir for the bile produced by the liver Concentrates the bile and adds a quantity of mucus to it Discharges its contents in response to the entry of fatty foods into the duodenum

Question 49

What mucosa does the wall of the gall bladder consist of?

Answer 49

Folded mucosa

Question 50

What are the 4 cell types/layers of the gall bladders folded mucosa?

Answer 50

Epithelium Lamina propria Smooth muscle Adventitia

Question 51

What is the epithelia of the gall bladder?

Answer 51

Simple columnar apical brush border of microvilli

Question 52

Does the gall bladder have a muscularis mucosae?

Answer 52

No

Question 53

How are muscle fibres arranged in the gall bladder?

Answer 53

Not arranged in distinct layers

Question 54

What defines a centroacinar cell?

Answer 54

Duct cells that penetrate into the central region of the acini

Question 55

What is the role of the spleen?

Answer 55

Phagocytosis and immune responses in adult. In foetus it is an important site of haematopoesis

Question 56

What does the spleen consist of?

Answer 56

Thin fibrous capsule White pulp - lymphoid tissue (B and T lymphocytes develop) Red pulp - macrophages Fibrous trabecular – support

Question 57

How can white pulp and red pulp be distinguished on H&E?

Answer 57

White pulp - more purple darker patches (circular) Red pulp - pinker, rest of spleen

Question 58

A hepatic vein tributary is a component of each portal triad...

Answer 58

False

Question 59

Where is bile that enters the bile canaliculi carried to ?

Answer 59

The portal triads