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Connective tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What is connective tissue made of?

A

Cells and ECM

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2
Q

What compromises ECM?

A

Protein fibres (e.g. collagen, elastic and reticular)

Ground substance (e.g. proteoglycans, glycoproteins, GAGs)

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3
Q

What is connective tissue bounded by?

A

Basal laminae of epithelia and basal laminae of muscle cells

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4
Q

What does ground substance entail?

A

Proteoglycan, GAGs, polysaccharides

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5
Q

What is the role of ground substance?

A

Resistance to compression

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6
Q

What is the role of fibres of the ECM?

A

Tensile strength, support and anchorage

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7
Q

What are the fibres of ECM?

A

Collagen, fibrillin, elastin

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8
Q

What are the cells of the connective tissue?

A

Resident cells synthesise ECM (fibroblast), migratory cells (mast cell), macrophages

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9
Q

What is the role of ECM?

A

Surround and support cells within connective tissue

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10
Q

What feature of tissue does ECM determine?

A

Mechanical properties

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11
Q

What are 4 types of connective tissue?

A

Loose, dense connective tissue
Elastic tissue
Adipose tissue

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12
Q

What is loose connective tissue known as?

A

Areolar tissue

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13
Q

What are types of dense connective tissue?

A

Dense regular, dense irregular

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14
Q

What type of connective tissue is more common: loose or dense?

A

Loose

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15
Q

Where does loose connective tissue lie?

A

Beneath epithelia covering body surface and line internal surface of body

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16
Q

Describe structure of collagen in loose connective tissue?

A

Loose/dense

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17
Q

Describe loose connective tissue and its resistance to stress

A

Delicate, flexible and well vascularsed, not resistant to stress.

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18
Q

What type of connective tissue is found deeper, dense or loose?

A

Loose found below dense tissue

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19
Q

Compare ground substance in loose and dense CT?

A

Less in dense CT

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20
Q

Which type of CT has more cell types, loose or dense?

A

Dense

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21
Q

Describe collagen arrangement in dense CT. What impact does this have on property?

A

Densely packed - less flexible and resistant to stress

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22
Q

Where is dense irregular CT found?

A

Dermis, anchoring epithelium

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23
Q

Describe structure of dense irregular connective tissue?

A

Collagen fibres packed densely, no orientation

Fibroblast arranged in rows between collagen fibre bundles

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24
Q

Describe dense regular connective tissue?

A

Collagen fibres aligned parallel manner, fibroblasts between bundles.

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25
Compare resistance to stress of dense regular and irregular connective tissue
Dense irregular; resistant in all directions Dense regular: resistance against forces pulling in a straight line
26
Where is dense regular connective tissue found?
Tendon, ligament, apopneuroses
27
What do tendons do?
Connect muscle to bone
28
Structure of tendons, how does this link to resistance against stress?
Parallel bundles of collagen fibres, provide resistance to tensile stress and proteoglycans allow resistance to compressive stress
29
In and H and E stain, what do H and E bind and what's the colour change?
Hematocylin - -ve charged DNA and RNA (acidic) - blue Eosin - +ve charged proteins (basic) - red/pink
30
What do ligmaents do?
Join bone to bone
31
Compare structure of ligaments and tendons?
Fibres arranged less regularly in tendons
32
Structure of ligaments?
Fibres and fibroblasts arranged in parallel
33
What do aponeuroses do?
Resemble flattened tendons (attach sheet like muscle)
34
Describe structure of aponeuroses?
Collagen fibres in neighbouring layers arranged at right angle (regularly)
35
What does fascia do?
Separate muscles and internal organs
36
What is structure of fascia?
Packed bundles of collagen fibres arranged in wavy pattern parallel to direction of pull.
37
What produces collagen fibres?
Fibroblasts
38
What is the consequence of wavy collagen fibre arrangement in fascia?
Resist great unidirectional tension forces
39
What are the types of connective tissue fibre?
Collagen Elastic Reticular fibres
40
Describe collagen, properties?
Thick, strong unbranched | provides great tensile strength
41
What is collagen formed form?
Tropocollagen
42
Describe structure and property of elastic fibres?
Small, thin, branching, low tensile strength compared to collagen Random coiled structure, can stretch/recoil
43
What are reticular fibres composed of?
Type 3 collagen
44
What are reticular fibres for?
Form network in haematopoietic organs e.g. spleen, liver, lymph nodes - filter blood and provide support for capillaries, muscles and nerve cells
45
When are reticular fibres visible
When stained with silver
46
What causes osteogenesis imperfecta?
Decrease in type 1 collagen as short alpha 1 chains, no stable triple helix OR Substitution of glycine residue blocks stable helix forming
47
Symptoms of osteogenesis imperfecta?
Brittle bones, repeated fractures, bone deformities
48
What causes Marfan's syndrome?
Reduced fibrillin (needed for elastic fibres) or extra amino acids near C terminal of alpha 2 chain so compromises cross linking
49
Symptoms of Marfan's syndrome?
Loss of integrity of elastic fibres so aorta rupture,long + slender limbs/digits
50
What causes Ehlers Danlos syndrome?
Fewer Hydroxylysinse residues so less cross linking OR Failure to process precollagen into tropocollagen
51
Symptoms of Ehlers Danlos?
Hyperextensible skin, recurrent joint dislocation
52
What happens to ground substance in bone and cartilage?
Mineralised by deposition of calcium containing crystals leading to increase in strength
53
What are GAG?
Long unbranched, polysaccharaide chains (anionic) - attract Na+ which draws water - swelling and resist compression
54
How are proteoglycans formed?
GAGs covalently linked to proteins
55
What does cartilage consist of?
Proteoglycans and collagen
56
What is the property of GAGs where is this important?
Attract water so help resist compresion - joints
57
What is most abundant cell type in connective tissue?
Fibroblasts
58
What do fibroblasts do?
Synthesise ECM (make collagen fibres, elastin and macromolecules e.g. GAGs, proteoglycans)
59
What do adipose cells do in connective tissue?
Store triglycerides in connective tissue Provide cushioning Provide thermal insulation
60
How do adipose cells appear histologically, why?
Cells appear empty because fat dissolved during staining slides Nuclei at periphery of cell with small bit of cytoplasm on side
61
What do macrophages do in connective tissue?
Phagocytosis and degrade ECM Initiate inflammatory response to recruit WBC
62
What are mast cells often associated with?
Blood vessels
63
How do mast cells stain, why?
Dark, contain lots of secretory granules filled with bioactive molecules e.g. histamine
64
What triggers activation of mast cells (which antibody)?
IgE receptors on surface which antigen binds to
65
What do mast cells do?
Phagocytose bacteria, release histamine causing vasodilation and increased capillary permeability (so neutrophils can enter connective tissue and clear out pathogen)
66
Differentiate between white and brown adipose tissue?
White: single large droplet of triglycerides, little cytoplasm, energy storage + insulation Brown: more cytoplasm, more mitochondria, many small fat droplets, SNS innervation, heat generation
67
What does cartilage do/where's it found?
Cover and protect articulating surfaces of bone and forms septum of nose, external ear and embryological skeleton
68
What is property of cartilage?
Bear Mechanical stress + shock absorber
69
What makes/maintains ECM of cartilage?
Chondrocytes and chondroblasts
70
What are chondroblasts?
Mesenchymal progenitor (more differentiated than stem cell) that synthesise ECM of cartilage
71
When does chondroblast become chondrocyte?
In cartilage matrix are lacunae, when chondroblasts become surrounded by cartilage in lacunae - chondrocyte.
72
Describe blood supply and thus nutrient supply for cartilage?
Avascular tissue, surrounded by vascular connective tissue so receives nutrients/transfers waste through diffusion
73
Structure of fibrocartilage?
Irregular dense collagen fibres
74
Where is fibrocartilage found?
Pubic symphysis, intrarticular disc at synovial joint, IV disc, annulus fibrosis
75
What does hyaline cartilage do?
Low friction articular surface in synovial joint so friction free movement
76
What is most common sort of cartilage
Hyaline
77
What is hyaline cartilage made of?
Type 2 collagen and large aggregating proteoglycans
78
What is role of hyaline cartilage in development?
Forms basic structure of bone which undergoes endochondral ossification in embryo to form bony skeleton
79
What structures are made of hyaline cartilage in adult?
Nose, larynx, ribs, trachea, bronchi and articular surfaces of bone
80
Describe structure of elastic cartilage?
Elastic fibres in its matrix
81
Describe property of elastic cartilage?
Flexible
82
Where is elastic cartilage found?
Auditory canal, parts of ear, vocal cords, larynx.
83
Forms a delicate fibre meshwork holding tissue elements together...
Reticulin

Tissues (13 decks)

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