ACCESSORY ORGANS OF GIT Flashcards
(134 cards)
1
Q
What are the three major salivary glands
A
Parotid, Submandibular, Sublingual
2
Q
What are the minor salivary glands?
A
Lips, Nose, Buccal Mucosa, palate, pharynx
3
Q
What is the largest salivary gland?
A
Parotid Gland
4
Q
Relations of Parotid Gland above
A
External auditory meatus and temporo-mandibular joint
5
Q
What are the relations of Parotid Gland below?
A
Post belly digastric
6
Q
What are the relations of parotid gland anteriorly
A
Mandible and masseter
7
Q
Relations of Parotid Gland Medially
A
Styloid process and its muscles
8
Q
When you have parotitis, why is there pain in the parotid area?
A
Because the inflammatory process is triggered by infection
9
Q
Structure that surrounds the parotid gland forming the boundaries of the parotid space
A
Parotid bed
10
Q
Division of Parotid Gland
A
Superficial and Deep Lobes
11
Q
Structures that divides parotid gland into superficial and deep lobes
A
Facial Nerve
Retromandibular vein
External Carotid Artery
12
Q
Also called Post Facial vein formed by the superficial temporal and maxillary. It is usually located behind the lower jaw.
A
Retromandibular vein
13
Q
Artery dividing at the neck of the mandible into the superficial temporal and maxillary area
A
External carotid artery
14
Q
What are the 5 terminal branches of the facial nerve
A
Temporal Zygomatic Buccal Marginal Mandibular Cervical
15
Q
Facial nerve gives rise to 2 divisions. What are these?
A
Temporofacial (upper)
Cervicofacial (lower)
16
Q
What do temporofacial emits?
A
temporal, zygomatic and buccal branch going into the mouth area
17
Q
What do cervicofacial emits?
A
mandibular (going to submandibular branch) and the cervical branch
18
Q
Other name for Parotid Duct
A
Stensen’s Duct
19
Q
Where does parotid gland emits saliva?
A
towards the upper region of the mouth where the upper teeth are located
20
Q
Condition where pain occurs with just trigger of smell of food and start salivating
A
Parotitis
21
Q
Superficial lobe lies at the angle of the jaw, wedge between the mandible and mylohyoid and overlapping the digastric
A
Submandibular gland
22
Q
Superficial relations of Submandibular gland
A
Skin, platysma, capsule (deep fascia) , cervical branch of facial nerve, and facial vein
23
Q
Deep Relations of Submandibular Gland
A
lies against the mylohyoid for the most part but posteriorly lies on the hyoglossus and comes in contact with the lingual and hypoglossal nerves
24
Q
Duct from the submandibular gland
A
Submandibular duct
25
flap of mucous membrane (frenum) beneath the tongue, a condition that sometimes interferes with protrusion of the tongue
Frenulum linguae
26
Lies beneath the mucosa of the floor of the mouth along the side of the tongue
submandibular duct
27
Condition where parotid gland may be infected with either bacterial or virus becoming acutely inflamed
Parotitis
28
What is the common site for stone or calculus formation?
Submandibular Gland
28
What is the common site for stone or calculus formation?
Submandibular Gland
29
Presence of swelling below the body of the mandible or as you age
Calculi or stone formation
30
Larges organ or gland of the body
Liver
31
What is the major function of liver?
Production and secretion of bile
32
What gland have these functions?
- Fats, Carbs and Protein Metabolism
- Filtration of blood removing bacteria and other foreign particles that have gained entrance to lood
- Produces heparin
Liver
33
What is the detoxifying function of the liver
Produces bile pigment from hemoglobin of worn out RBC and secretes bile salts
34
What divides liver into right and left lobes?
Falciform Ligament
35
Quadrant where liver is located?
Right Upper Quadrant (beneath the diaphragm)
36
What covers the liver?
Completely by Fibrous Capsule
| Partially by Peritoneum
37
What is the divisions of Right lobe of the liver?
Composed of quadrate and caudate lobes divided by Gallbladder, Ligamentum teres fissure, Inferior Vena Cava and Ligamentum venosum fissure
38
What organ is affected if there is pain on the right, below the costal margin?
Liver
39
Weight of Liver according to Gender
1. 4-1.6 kg in males (heavier)
| 1. 2-1.4 kg in females
40
Weight of liver according to age
Larger in fetus (1/18) than adults (1/36)
41
Contains the ligamentum teres hepatis (round ligament)
Falciform ligament
42
The round ligament or ligamentum teres hepatis is the remnant of ?
Umbilical vein
43
How many round ligaments are there in the human body?
1 round ligament in the liver
| 2 round ligaments of the uterus in females
44
Attaches the right lobe of liver to right diaphragm
coronary ligament
45
Impressions in the inferior surface of the liver
```
Gastric Impression
Tuber omentale
Quadrate loe
Colic impression
Renal Impression
Duodenal Impression
Caudate process
```
46
What surface of the liver is in contact with the abdominal wall?
Superior
47
Describe the inferior surface of the liver
- Uneven, concave
| - Almost completely invested by peritoneum except gallbladder fossa and porta hepatis
48
What glands are connected or in touch with the inferior side of the liver?
Stomach, duodenum, right colic flexure, right kidney and suprarenal gland
49
Describe the superior surface of the liver
- Convex, fits under the vault of diaphragm
- Middle part lies behind xiphoid process
- In contact with abdominal wall
- Covered by peritoneum except along falciform ligament
50
Impression molded over antero-superior surface of stomach
Gastric impression
51
Impression rounded eminence, concavity of lesser curvature, anterior to lesser omentum
Tuber omentale
52
Impression
| pylorus, superior portion of duodenum, transverse colon
Quadrate lobe
53
Impression
| Anterior, shallow, right colic flexure
Colic impression
54
Impression
| Posterior deeper, right kidney and suprarenal gland
Renal impression
55
Impression: descending portion of duodenum
Duodenal impression
56
Connects caudate lobe with right lobe
Caudate process
57
Describe the posterior surface of liver
- Rounded and broad behind R lobe, narrow on L lobe
- Bare area
- Between upper and lower layer of coronary ligament
- Inferior vena cava between caudate lobe and bare area
- widest part, in contact with diaphragm
58
Impression in the posterior surface of the liver which is a small triangular depressed area above renal impression
Suprarenal impression
59
Hilus of the liver
Porta Hepatis
60
Where is porta hepatis located?
Posteroinferior surface and it lies between the caudate and quadrate lobe
Attached with upper part of lesser omentum
61
What are the structures porta hepatis contain?
```
Right and left hepatic ducts
Right and left hepatic arteries
Portal vein
Nerves (sympa and para)
Lymph vessels (few hepatic lymph nodes)
```
62
Usually the liver and gallbladder would drain in this area and send the efferent vessels to the celiac lymph node
Porta hepatis
63
Lies between left and quadrate lobe. It is the remnant of the umbilical vein
Fissure for ligamentum teres
64
Lies between left lobe and caudate lobe It is the remnant of ductus venosus.
Fissure for ligamentum venosum
65
Lies between right lobe and caudate lobe. Hepatic veins drain into it
Groove for Inferior Vena Cava
66
Lies between right lobe and quadrant lobe. No peritoneum between it and right lobe
Fossa for Gallbladder
67
Describe the visceral surface of the liver (inferior)
Shows H-shaped pattern
68
Divides surface into Right and left lobes
Left limb
69
Liver
| Fissure for ligamentum teres and ligamentum venosum
Left limb
70
Liver
| Gallbladder fossa and Inferior Vena Cava
Right limb
71
What are the structures in the Horizontal limb?
| Liver
```
Porta hepatis
Hepatic ducts
Hepatic arteries
Portal vein
Lymphatics
Nerves
```
72
Distribution of blood vessels conveying blood to the liver
30% from hepatic artery
| 70% from portal vein
73
What envelopes the blood supply of the liver
Fibrous capsule of Glission
74
Blood vessels in the liver that have or carries oxygenated blood
Celiac artery
Hepatic artery
Right and Left hepatic arteries
75
Blood vessels in the liver that carries venous blood rich in products of digestion
Portal vein
| Right and left terminal branches
76
Convey blood from the liver
Hepatic veins
77
Where does hepatic veins drain into
Inferior Vena Cava
78
1/3 of all the body lymph comes from what organ?
liver
79
Where does efferent vessels pass to?
Celiac nodes
80
Small number of vessels pass from the bare area through the diaphragm to
Posterior Mediastinal Lymph Nodes
81
Where does lymph vessels enter to after leaving the liver?
Lymph nodes in the porta hepatis
82
From Where does hepatic plexus receives blood supply?
Left Vagus nerve and Right phrenic nerves
83
Color of bile
Greenish-black
84
Conical or pear-shaped musculomembranous sac
Gallbladder
85
How much bile does the gallbladder contain?
30-35cc bile (in some books 50cc or mL)
86
How does gallbladder concentrates bile?
By absorbing water
87
Where does the upper surface of Gallbladder attached to?
Attached to liver by connective tissue
88
What covers the lower surface of the gallbladder
Peritoneum which is continuous with liver peritoneum
89
When does the liver stores bile?
When digestion is not taking place
90
Stores and concentrates the bile, absorbs bile salts and keeps the bile acid
Gallbladder
91
Describe the gallbladder upon dissection
- Very tarry and dark in color
| - Could be solid or semi liquid in form depending on the amount of bile stored in it
92
How do you describe the appearance of the permanent folds of mucous membrane of the gallbladder?
Honeycomb appearance
93
What is the significance of the folds in the mucous membrane of the gallbladder?
It helps to increase the surface area and also contains some amount of microvilli
94
What are the parts of the Gallbladder and describe each
FUNDUS - broad extremity, rounded ; directed downward and forward, to the right
BODY - directed upward and backward to the left
NECK - continuous with cystic duct ; upward, backward to the left
95
Projects beyond the anterior border of the gallbladder (below the inferior margin of the liver)
Fundus
96
Combines with the hepatic duct to form the common bile duct
Neck of the Gallbladder
97
Relations of the Body of the GB
Upper surface - liver
Inferior surface- Transverse colon
Further back- descending portion of duodenum
98
Relations of the Fundus of Gallbaldder
Abdominal wall below 9th costal cartilage
| Behind the transverse colonn
99
Structure of GB that is completely invested by peritoneum (this is its unique characteristics)
Fundus
100
Narrow, curves upon itself like a letter S and has a well-marked constriction at its connection with cystic duct
Neck of GB
101
What are the functions of the GB?
Reservoir of bile
| Concentrates the bile
102
Enumerate the Blood vessels in the GB
Cystic artery and cystic vein
103
Branch of right hepatic artery
cystic artery
104
Drains directly into portal vein (GB)
Cystic vein
105
When does gallbladder dilates or constricts?
With bile - dilates
| Without bile - Constricts
106
What happens if the GB won't constrict or dilate?
There would be a release of bile in the GI tract causing injury to its mucosal surface
107
What are structures included in the Intrahepatic Biliary System?
Bile canaliculi
Bile ductules
Bile ducts
108
Enumerate the Bile ductules
```
Bile cholangioles (intralobular)
Canals of Hering ( Perilobular)
```
109
From neck of GB, joins common hepatic duct to form the common bile duct
Cystic duct
110
Describe the mucosal lining of cystic duct
Thrown into crescentic folds
Similar to those found in GB neck
Continuous spiral valve (of Heister)
111
Why is cystic duct described as distended duct?
The spaces between folds are dilated giving it a twisted exterior appearance
112
Formed by junction of cystic and hepatic ducts
Common bile ducts
113
Where does the common bile duct descends?
Descends along the right border of lesser omentum
- behind the superior portion of duodenum
- in front of portal vein
- right of hepatic artery
114
Where does the common bile duct runs?
Runs in a groove on right border of posterior surface of pancreatic head
- situated in from of vena cava
- Embedded in pancreatic sustance
115
Short tube formed is dilated into an ampulla ; where the pancreatic cancer can be manifested
Ampulla of Vater
116
a small opening that enters into the first portion of the small intestine, known as the duodenum. it is the spot where the pancreatic and bile ducts release their secretions into the intestines
Ampulla of VAter
117
Where and what forms the ampulla of vater?
Formed within duodenal wall (2nd portion)
| Formed by junction of common bile duct and main pancreatic duct of Wirsung
118
What are the ducts of pancreas?
Pancreatic duct of Wirsung and Santorini duct
119
The common bile duct and main pancreatic duct join together to form the
Hepatopancreatic ampulla (opening)
120
Contains circular smooth muscle;controls secretions; opens and closes like a sphincter allowing secretion of substances
Sphincter of Oddi
121
What effect does fracture of the lower rib have in liver?
Fracture of the Lower rib could cause penetrating wounds to the thorax or upper abdomen and injur the liver. It can result to severe hemorrhage because liver has a high amount of vasculature
122
Caused by spasm of smooth muscle of the gallbladder in an attempt to expel a gallstone
Biliary colic
123
Most common lesion of the GB
Acute cholecystitis or pigment stones due to cholesterol stone
124
Acts as both exocrine and endocrine gland
Pancreas
125
Describe pancreas
- soft, lobulated organ (appears like a tongue)
- retroperitoneal
- lies on the posterior abdominal wall
126
Division of the Pancreas. Describe each.
Head - disc-shaped ; within cavity of C-shaped duodenum
Neck - constricted portion ; connects head to body; lies in front of the beginning of portal vein
Body - runs upward and to the left; Triangular cross section
Tail - passes forward in the lienorenal ligament ; in contact with the splenic hilus
127
Nerve supply of the pancreas
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic vagal nerve fibers from celiac plexus
128
Exocrine and Endocrine functions of the pancreas
Exocrine - secretion of pancreatic amylase, lipase
| Endocrine - insulin, glucagon, somatostatin
129
Trauma of pancreas where sudden low to the abdomen may occur
Blunt Trauma (or Sports injury)
130
Buds will appear round or ring-like
Annular pancreas
131
Some tissue may be found in the submucosa of the stomach, duodenum of the small intestine, gallbladder and spleen
Ectopic pancreas
132
Usually at the head of the pancreas in the bile duct (found at the area of the opening)
Pancreatic Cancer
133
Condition where it is difficult to remove pancreas because it has important activity as an endocrine gland
Acute pancreatitis
