acculturation

Question 1

acculturation definition

Answer 1

“those phenomena which result when
groups of individuals having different
cultures come into continuous first-hand
contact, with subsequent changes in the
original cultural patterns of either or both
groups.”

Question 2

mainstream culture group

Answer 2

AKA the dominant group, the receiving society, the host
culture, the “new” culture
Mainstream culture is the dominant culture where one
currently lives

Question 3

heritage culture group

Answer 3

AKA the non-dominant group, the acculturating group,
the migrant group, the “old” culture
Heritage culture is the culture of one’s birth or
upbringing (if 1st generation immigrant), or the culture
that had a significant impact on previous generations of
one’s family (if 2nd or later generation immigrant)

Question 4

continuous contact

Answer 4

Must spend
a substantial amount of time in
another culture

Question 5

first hand contact

Answer 5

Must live in
another culture, rather than
remote contact

Question 6

allport contact hypothesis

Answer 6

Contact between dominant
and non-dominant groups
reduces stereotyping,
prejudice, and discrimination

Question 7

bidirectional change

Answer 7

Contact often results in
changes in both the mainstream group and the
migrant group
 Non-dominant group usually changes
more than the dominant group
 Dominant group has more power
(e.g., larger number and resources)
 Dominant group changes in terms of
diversity, possible prejudice, policies
 Superficial changes rather than
changes to values and beliefs

Question 8

individual level acculturation

Answer 8

changes in psychological
variables as a result of cultural contact
 E.g., identity, values, attitudes

Question 9

group level acculturaltion

Answer 9

changes in the non-
dominant or dominant group as a result
of cultural contact

Question 10

uni-dimensional acculturation model

Answer 10

People can identify with their heritage culture
OR the mainstream culture, but not both
 Heritage and mainstream identification are
assumed to be negatively correlated

Question 11

bi-dimensional acculturation model

Answer 11

Heritage and mainstream culture
identifications are uncorrelated (or weakly
positively correlated)
 Empirically supported

Question 12

Vancouver index of acculturation measures

Answer 12

identification with heritage/mainstream culture

Question 13

4 acculturation strategies berry

Answer 13

INTEGRATION ASSIMILATION
SEPARATION MARGINALIZATION

Question 14

integration

Answer 14

Maintain heritage culture and seek
contact/participation with mainstream
culture (= bicultural identity)
 Most optimal acculturation strategy
 Mainstream society must be open
and inclusive towards cultural
diversity

Question 15

frame switiching cultural priming study

Answer 15

Expose bicultural people (Hong Kong Chinese) to symbols
associated with one culture
* These symbols activate the network of cultural
knowledge associated with that symbol
showed internal vs external attribution stimulus
primed with american choose typical american response
primed with chinese choose typical chinese response

Question 16

seperation is

Answer 16

Maintain heritage culture ties and identity; avoid
contact/participation with the mainstream culture
* May results in ethnic enclaves (e.g., Chinatown)
* Positively associated with acculturative stress
* Maintain cultural traditions for years/generations

Question 17

assimilation is

Answer 17

Focus on developing relationships
with host culture members at
expense of heritage culture
maintenance
 Melting pot ideology

Question 18

marginalization is

Answer 18

Little contact and identification with
mainstream culture or maintenance of
heritage culture  Unable to fully
participate in either culture, stuck
between two worlds
Result of:
* Discrimination and exclusion by
dominant culture
* Colonization stripped heritage culture
acculturative stress

Question 19

intergroup marginalization is

Answer 19

Intragroup marginalization: perceived
exclusion by heritage culture members
 May face accusations of betraying their
heritage culture by assimilating into the
mainstream culture

Question 20

third culture kids are

Answer 20

Spent most of the time outside of their heritage
culture because of their expatriate parents
* Not identifying with heritage culture or dominant
culture  Marginalization
* Identify with expatriate community
* Open to different cultures, high in intercultural
competence, less
ethnocentric, low in
prejudice

Question 21

individual predictors:age

Answer 21

acculturation less likeley for older immigrants

Question 22

individual predictors:gender

Answer 22

More difficult for women who
immigrate from a more traditional
culture to a less traditional one

Question 23

individual predictors:education

Answer 23

Higher education correlated with
lower stress

Question 24

individual predictors:big 5

Answer 24

Mainstream identification: greater
conscientiousness, extraversion, and
openness, and lower neuroticism
 Heritage identification:
greater conscientiousness
and lower neuroticism

Question 25

individual predictors:attachment style

Answer 25

Secure attachment linked with greater mainstream and heritage identification  Insecure attachment (high in anxiety and avoidance) linked with intragroup marginalization

Question 26

insecure attachment and marginalization may lead to

Answer 26

Insecurely-attached individuals may compensate for feelings of rejection by heritage culture members by endorsing extreme pro-group behaviour

Question 27

group predictors: cultural distance

Answer 27

Larger perceived cultural distance between heritage and mainstream culture associated with poorer migrant adjustment

Question 28

group predictors: Presence of vibrant ethnocultural community

Answer 28

 Larger community eases adaptation

Question 29

group predictors:Dominant Group’s Sense of Threat

Answer 29

 Realistic threat: may think migrants may steal jobs from natives or overuse health care or benefits  Symbolic threat: sense of threat to national values and identity

Question 30

scapegoating

Answer 30

Sense of threats and frustration (e.g., economic despair) leads to increases in prejudice and violence towards weaker outgroups such as ethnic minorities.

Question 31

group predictors: multicultural ideology

Answer 31

Dominant group members’ views about how their society should accommodate multiculturalism  Unidimensional construct:assimilation-multiculturalism  Dominant group members who favour assimilation also tend to be higher in prejudice, ethnocentrism and intergroup bias

Question 32

psychological adaption

Answer 32

Refers to physical, psychological, and emotional well-being of migrants

Question 33

sociocultural adaption

Answer 33

Culture learning and competence; managing daily life in new culture and “fitting in”

Question 34

type of acculturating group depends on

Answer 34

Mobility: migrant or sedentary?  Voluntariness of contact  Permanence

Question 35

refugee acullturating group

Answer 35

Involuntary, migrant, and temporary  Psychopathological adjustment  Post-traumatic stress  Poorer adjustment in:  Elderly: lower general adaptability  Youths: double-transition  Integration strategy, social support, and welcoming expectations from dominant group help buffer against acculturative stress