Accumulations, Calcification, & Pigments

Question 1

Exogenous

Answer 1

Involves pigments from the external environment, accumulation of foreign pigments. Enter via skin, lung, intestinal tract.

Question 2

Endogenous

Answer 2

Formed inside the body, accumulation of normal pigments

Question 3

Example of Iatrogenic

Answer 3

Tattoos

Question 4

Most common exogenous pigment

Answer 4

Carbon (anthracosis)

Question 5

Another name for carbon

Answer 5

Anthracosis

Question 6

Another name for dust

Answer 6

Pneumoconiosis

Question 7

Definition of pneumoconiosis

Answer 7

Inhalation and retention of dust

Question 8

Types of exogenous pigments

Answer 8

Iatrogenic, carbon, dust, carotenoids

Question 9

Types of endogenous pigments

Answer 9

Melanin, blood/bile, lipofuscin

Question 10

Melanosis

Answer 10

Congenital accumulation of excess melanin in some tissues.

Question 11

Amelanotic

Answer 11

Without usual brown pigmentation

Question 12

Types of melanin disease

Answer 12

Melanosis, hyperpigmentation, hypopigmentation, melanoma

Question 13

Hemolytic Disease

Answer 13

Lysis of RBC that release hemoglobin into the plasma of the blood

Question 14

Hematuria

Answer 14

Red blood cells are still intact, but there is bleeding in the urinary tract

Question 15

Hemoglobinuria

Answer 15

Red blood cells are being ruptured and damaged which is releasing the red pigment.

Question 16

Two types of red urine

Answer 16

Hematuria and hemoglobinuria

Question 17

Hypercalcemia of Malignancy

Answer 17

Inappropriate secretion of parathyroid hormone-related protein by malignant non-parathyroid tumors. Anal sac gland carcinoma in dogs.

Question 18

What deficiency causes hypopigmentation

Answer 18

Copper

Question 19

Hemosiderin

Answer 19

Intracellular protein-iron complex from splitting Hb/iron storage. Old bruises

Question 20

Bilirubin stain

Answer 20

Fouchet Stain

Question 21

Bilirubin secreted in feces

Answer 21

Stercobilin

Question 22

Bilirubin secreted by the kidney

Answer 22

Urobilin

Question 23

Types of Icterus

Answer 23

Pre-hepatic, hepatic, and post-hepatic

Question 24

Another name for Pre-hepatic Icterus

Answer 24

Hemolytic Icterus

Question 25

Cause and result of pre-hepatic (hemolytic) icterus

Answer 25

Large RBC production overwhelms the liver. High levels of unconjugated bilirubin in the blood

Question 26

Causes and results of hepatic icterus

Answer 26

Hepatocyte damage causing reduced conjugation. There is an increased amount of conjugated bilirubin back into the blood.

Question 27

Another name for post-hepatic icterus

Answer 27

Obstructive icterus

Question 28

Causes and results of post-hepatic icterus

Answer 28

Obstruction of bile excretion from the liver through the bile duct causes an increased level of conjugated bilirubin in the blood.

Question 29

Two types of calcification

Answer 29

Dystrophic calcification and metastatic calcification

Question 30

Dystrophic calcification

Answer 30

Local calcium salts in degenerate or necrotic tissues

Question 31

Metastatic calcification

Answer 31

Deposition of calcium salts in normal tissues

Question 32

Crystal formation

Answer 32

Toxic metabolites bind with calcium and form calcium oxalate crystals

Question 33

Causes of crystal formation

Answer 33

Hypocalcemia, renal failure, severe damage to the tubules of the kidney

Question 34

Hypercalcemia due to hyperparathyroidism types

Answer 34

Type 1, which is rare. Type 2, which is common

Question 35

Secondary hypercalcemia due to hyperparathyroidism

Answer 35

Chronic renal disease or dietary imbalance of Ca and P