Acellular and Prokaryotes

Question 1

Examples of Cellular Microbes?

Answer 1

Bacteria
Archaea
Algae
Protozoa
Fungi

Question 2

Examples of Acellular Microbes

Answer 2

Virus
Viroids
Prions

Question 3

Categories of Microbes

Answer 3

Cellular Microbes
Acellular Microbes

Question 4

Complete virus particles are called?

Answer 4

Virions

Question 5

It infect humans, animals, plants, fungi, protozoa, algae and bacterial cell.

Answer 5

Virus

Question 6

It cause specific type of cancer.

Answer 6

Oncogenic Virus or Oncovirus

Question 7

A typical virion consists of a genome of either
DNA or RNA,
and is surrounded by a _______ (protein coat), which is
composed of protein units called ______.

Answer 7

a. Capsid
b. Capsomeres

Question 8

Nucleic Acid + Capsid =

Answer 8

Nucleocapsid

Question 9

5 properties of Viruses that distinguish them from living cells.

Answer 9

a. possess either DNA or RNA, whereas living cells possess both.

b. unable to replicate on their own.

c. DO NOT divide by binary fission, mitosis, or meiosis.

d. lack the genes and enzymes necessary for energy production.

e. depend on the ribosomes, enzymes, and metabolites of the
host cell for protein and nucleic acid production.

Question 10

Viruses are classified by:

Answer 10

a. type of genetic material (either DNA or RNA),
b. whether the virus nucleic acid is single stranded or double stranded,
c. whether the virus nucleic acid is positive-sense or negative-sense,
d. shape of the capsid,
e. number of capsomeres,
f. size of the capsid,
g. presence or absence of an envelope,
h. type of host that it infects,
i. type of disease it produces,
j. target cell, and
k. immunologic or antigenic properties.

Question 11

Categories of Viruses based on type of nucleic acid they possess.

Answer 11

a. Doube-stranded DNA Viruses
b. Double-stranded RNA Viruses
c. Single-stranded DNA Viruses
d. Single-stranded RNA Viruses

Question 12

Steps In the Multiplication of Animal
Viruses.

Answer 12

1. Attachment
2. Penetration
3. Uncoating
4. Biosynthesis
5. Assembly
6. Release

Question 13

Viirus is able to hide from a host’s
immune system by entering cells and remaining dormant.

Answer 13

Latent Viral infections

Question 14

Drugs that are used to treat viral infections.

Answer 14

Antiviral agents

Question 15

This virus causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).

Answer 15

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

Question 16

Virus that infects bacteria are called _____.

Answer 16

Bacteriophages or simple phages.

Question 17

2 Categories of bacteriophages.

Answer 17

Virulent bacteriophages
Temperate bacteriophages

Question 18

It always cause LYTIC CYCLE, which ends with the destruction of bacteria.

Answer 18

Virulent Bacteriophages.

Question 19

Its DNA can remain integrated into the host cell’s chromosomes for generation after generation.

Answer 19

Temperate bacteriophages.

Question 20

Summary of the Lytic Process.

Answer 20

1. Attachment
2. Penetration
3. Biosynthesis
4. Maturation
5. Release

Question 21

• It is short, naked fragments of single-stranded RNA, which can interfere with the metabolism of plant cells.
• it can be also transmitted between plants in the same manner as viruses.

Answer 21

Viroids

Question 22

• It is small infectious proteins cause fatal neurologic diseases in animals and humans
• Of all pathogens, _____ are the most resistant to disinfectants.

Answer 22

Prions

Question 23

Bacteria are divided into three major phenotypic categories:

Answer 23

• Gram-Negative and have a cell wall.
• Gram-Positive and have a cell wall.
• Lack a cell wall (Mycoplasma spp.)

Question 24

Three basic categories of bacteria based on shape:

Answer 24

• Cocci (round bacteria)
• Bacilli (rod-shaped bacteria)
• Curved and spiral-shaped bacteria

Question 25

Coccus or round bacteria can be seen as:

Answer 25

Single (Cocci) Pairs (Diplococci) Chains (Streptococci) Cluster (Staphylococci) Packets of 4 (Tetrads) Packets of 8 (Octads)

Question 26

Medically important cocci:

Answer 26

1. Enterococcus spp. 2. Neisseria spp. 3. Staphylococcus spp. 4. Streptococcus spp.

Question 27

Medically important bacilli:

Answer 27

a. Enterobacteriaceae b. Pseudomonas aeruginosa c. Bacillus spp. d. Clostridium spp.

Question 28

It cause of relapsing fever, in a stained blood smear.

Answer 28

Borrelia hermsii

Question 29

The fixation process serves to:

Answer 29

1) kill organisms; 2) preserve their morphology; and 3) anchor the smear to the slide.

Question 30

Two Most Common Techniques of Fixation:

Answer 30

- Heat Fixation – not a standardized technique; excess heat will distort bacterial morphology. - Methanol Fixation – a standardized technique; the preferred method.

Question 31

Three Major Categories of Staining Procedures:

Answer 31

1. Simple stain - bacterial shape and morphologic arrangement (e.g., pairs, chains, clusters) 2. Structural staining procedures - Capsule staining - Spore staining - Flagella staining 3. Differential staining procedures - Gram stain (Gram-Positive /Gram-Negative) - Acid-fast staining procedures

Question 32

Bacteria is divided into two major groups:

Answer 32

- Gram-Positive (bacteria end up being blue to purple) - Gram-Negative (bacteria end up being pink to red)

Question 33

Gram-Positive bacteria have a _________, making it difficult to remove the crystal violet-iodine complex.

Answer 33

Thicker layer of peptidoglycan.

Question 34

Gram-Negative organisms have a ________ making it easier to remove the crystal violet; the cells are subsequently stained with safranin.

Answer 34

Thin layer of peptidoglycan.

Question 35

With respect to O2, bacterial isolates can be classified as:

Answer 35

- Obligate aerobes - Microaerophilic aerobes - Facultative anaerobes - Aerotolerant anaerobes - Obligate anaerobes

Question 36

It require an atmosphere containing molecular oxygen in concentrations comparable to that found in room air.

Answer 36

Obligate Aerobes

Question 37

It require oxygen, but in concentrations lower than that found in room air.

Answer 37

Microaerophilic Aerobes

Question 38

It can survive in either the presence or the absence of oxygen; anywhere from 0% O2 to 20% to 21% O2.

Answer 38

Facultative Anaerobes

Question 39

It does not require oxygen; grows better in the absence of oxygen, but can survive in atmospheres containing molecular oxygen (such as air and a CO2 incubator).

Answer 39

Aerotolerant Anaerobes

Question 40

It can grow only in an environment containing no oxygen.

Answer 40

Obligate Anaerobes

Question 41

Organisms with especially demanding nutritional requirements are said to be __________.

Answer 41

Fastidious ("fussy")

Question 42

As bacteria grow, they produce many waste products and secretions, some of which are _______.

Answer 42

Enzymes

Question 43

Many pathogens are able to cause disease because they possess __________________ that damage cells and tissues.

Answer 43

capsules, pili, or endotoxins, or because they secrete exotoxins and exoenzymes

Question 44

Laboratory identification of bacteria is moving toward analyzing the organism’s DNA or RNA – techniques collectively referred to as ____________.

Answer 44

molecular diagnostic procedures

Question 45

They are bacteria, but they do not possess all the attributes of typical bacterial cells.

Answer 45

Rickettsias, chlamydias and mycoplasmas

Question 46

They are the smallest of the cellular microbes.

Answer 46

Myclopasmas

Question 47

It include purple bacteria, green bacteria and cyanobacteria; they all use light as an energy source, but not in the same way.

Answer 47

Photosynthetic bacteria

Question 48

These are bacteria that do not produce oxygen, whereas cyanobacteria do.

Answer 48

Purple and Green Bacteria

Question 49

Photosynthesis that produces oxygen is called __________.

Answer 49

Oxygenic photosynthesis.

Question 50

Photosynthesis that does not produce oxygen is called __________.

Answer 50

Anoxygenic photosynthesis.

Question 51

Archaea means _______.

Answer 51

Ancient