Chapter 5 (LAB) Flashcards
(78 cards)
1
Q
process that destroys or eliminates forms of microbial life
A
Sterilization
2
Q
process that eliminates many or all pathogenic microorganisms or inanimate objects with the exception of bacterial spores
A
Disinfection
3
Q
process of preventing the growth of infectious germs like bacteria, virus and fungi
A
Antisepsis
4
Q
substance that used to kill broad range of infection
A
Antiseptic
5
Q
Typed of Antisepsis
A
Physical
Mechanical
Chemical
Biological
Mixed
6
Q
substance that kills bacteria or microorganisms
A
Bactericidal
7
Q
used as chemical to combat pests and pathogens of plants, weeds as well as parasites and vectors of dangerous disease.
A
Germicidal Agent
8
Q
- agent that is capable of inhibiting growth of bacteria without necessarily killing them.
- limits the growth of bacteria
A
Bacteriostatic agent
9
Q
“Anti” and “Sepsis” means?
A
Anti = AGAINST
Sepsis = PUTREFACTION
10
Q
He developed the first antiseptic methods for surgical procedures using carbolic acid.
A
Joseph Lister
11
Q
2 Types of Germicidal Agent
A
- Oxidizing Germicides
- Non-oxidizing Germicides
12
Q
- agents that is capable of destroying spores, fungi, and viruses
- kills vegetative microorganisms
A
Sporicidal Fungicidal
13
Q
- most common PHYSICAL METHOD of STERILIZATION.
- expresses in TDT or Thermal Death Time.
A
Heating
14
Q
Mechanical of Heating
A
a. Formation of single-stranded breaks in the bacterial DNA
b. Coagulation and denaturation of proteins
c. Accumulation of toxic levels of electrolytes
d. Alteration of cell membranes
15
Q
Temperature and Time
A
as the temperature increases, the time taken to sterilize decreases
16
Q
Number of microorganisms
A
the more the microorganisms , the higher the temperature and the longer the duration of process required to destroy all of them.
17
Q
Withstand extreme conditions of starvation, acidity, temp, and dessication by spores.
A
Spore Forming Bacteria
18
Q
more susceptible to environmental stresses like heat and desiccation
A
Non-spore Forming Bacteria
19
Q
- more rapid killing action that dry heat.
- its mechanism of action is to cause coagulation and denaturation of proteins.
A
Moist Heat
20
Q
method of disease producing organisms in milk products as well as beverages
A
Pasteurization
21
Q
used for killing non-sporing bacteria which may be present in vaccine
A
Vaccine Bath
22
Q
used for inactive bacteria contaminating in serum preparation
A
Serum Bath
23
Q
used to solidify and disinfect egg containing and serum-containing media
A
Inspissation
24
Q
method that involves utilizing water at boiling temperature of 100 degree Celsius or 212 degree Fahrenheit
A
Boiling
25
involves exposing the material to be sterilize to live steam at 100 degree Celsius.
Fractional Sterilization
26
it is used to sterilize surgical equipment , laboratory instruments , pharmaceutical items and other materials.
Autoclave
27
- it is used to sterilize materials in enclosed tubes, oils, jellies, powders and glasswares.
- its effectiveness depends on the penetration of heat through the materials to be sterilized.
Dry Heat
28
2 Types of Dry Heat
1. Static air type
2. Forced air or mechanical convection sterilizer
29
process of instant sterilization by holding the instrument in a bunsen burner till they become red hot.
Red Flame
30
- device that temporarily emits a flame that is directly exposed to outside elements.
- not recommended for use in the lab
- it generates aerosol, which may contain pathogens.
Open Flame
31
- method that aims at burning organisms into ashe.
- use a device called incinerator
Incineration
32
It can sterilize the object that cannot be sterilized by moist heat.
Hot air oven
33
articles to be sterilized are placed in a conveyor belt and passed through a tunnel that is heated by infrared radiators
Infrared Rays
34
it is the state of extreme dryness or the process of extreme drying and can be used to control microbial growth
Dessication
35
it halts the activities of spoilage microorganisms in and on foods and can preserve some microorganisms for a long time
Freezing
36
form of mechanical sieving that does not kill microorganisms but merely seperates from the fluid
Filtration
37
- It is an energy that travels through space at the speed of light from a source
- it is also known as "electromagnetic waves"
Radiation
38
- it is used to disinfect hospital wards, operating room, laboratories and other rooms in the hospital that need to be sterilized.
- its disadvantage is that it has low penetrance
Ultraviolet Light / Non-Ionizing Radiation
39
- It have greater penetrance than UV rays
- it exert its effect by causing formation of free radicals that chemically interact with proteins and nucleic acid
Ionizing Radiation
40
It is a technique used commonly to sterilize pharmaceutical packaging products and medical devices
Electron beams
41
- It is produced from nuclear disintegration of selective radioactive isotopes.
- it have greater penetrance than electron beams but require longer exposure time
Electromagnetic Rays (Gamma Rays)
42
It is a cavitation procedure that uses high frequency sound waves to agitate bubbles that permeate every surface of medical devices including holes and crevices
Sonic and Ultrasonic Vibrations
43
It can cause the bacterial cell to collapse when the concentration of the fluid surrounding the organism is altered
Osmotic pressure
44
process of using low temperature chemicals to kill, eliminate and remove all germs, viruses and bacteria.
Chemical Sterilization
45
Duration of exposure
the longer the time of exposure to the chemical agent, the better the killing action
46
Temperature
A higher temperature speeds up the rate of chemical reaction and thus accelerates killing action
47
Number of microorganisms
the larger the number of microorganisms present , the more time needed for a disinfectant to destroy all of them.
48
A good chemical agent must posses the following characteristics:
1. Be broad spectrum - able to destroy a wide variety of microorganisms.
2. Be fast-acting - able to destroy microbes within the short time of period.
3. Active in the presence of organic matter
4. Active in any ph
5. Should be stable
6. Non-toxic, Non-allergenic, Non-irritative and Non-corrosive.
7. Be soluble to water and easy to apply
8. Leave a residual antimicrobial film on the treated surface.
9. High Penetrating power
10. Not expensive and must be easily available
11. Safe under storage and shipping for reasonable periods of time
12. Do not have a bad odor.
49
Chemical disinfectants may be classified based on the following:
1. Consistency
2. Spectrum activity
3. Mechanism of action
50
2 forms of Chemical Disinfectants
1. Liquid chemical Disinfectants
2. Gaseous chemical Disinfectants
51
3 Types of Chemical disinfectants based on Spectrum activity
1. High level disinfectants
2. Low level disinfectants
3. Intermediate level disinfectants
52
- it lowers the surface tension of an aqueous solution and are used as wetting agents, detergents, emulsifiers, antiseptic and disinfectants
- also referred to as "surfactants"
Surface Active Agents
53
- a positive charge on their hydrophilic end
- it can also serves as antimicrobial agents, so they are often used as disinfectants
Cationic Agents
54
- most widely used as versatile surfactants
- most effective at removing oil residue
- removes dirt through the process of emulsion and are most effective at acidic pH
Anionic Agents
55
- used as antiseptic at low concentrations
- used as disinfectant at high concentration
- has corrosive property
Phenolic Compound
56
a phenol derivative commonly used as surface disinfectant
Cresol
57
a disinfectant and antiseptic that is used for skin disinfection before surgery and sterilize surgical equipments.
Chlorhexidine
58
- an antiseptic and disinfectant agent used for skin disinfection and surgicsl equipments.
- it is listed on WHO list of essential Medicines.
Chloroxylenols
59
- useful as topical anti-infective, , antibacterial agent often found in soaps and toothpaste
- also knows as Nabac
Hexachlorophene
60
an antibacterial and antifungal agent present in some consumer products
Triclosan
61
- it is generally classified as low level disinfectants - primarily due to the fact that it has no or limited sporicidal activity.
- it is commonly used in different ways in the healthcare settings.
Alcohol
62
- used as skin antiseptic, it is bactericidal and remove lipids from skin surfaces
- used in medical wipes and hand sanitizer as an antiseptic effect
Ethyl alcohol
63
- it has greater bactericidal activity than ethyl alcohol and is less volatile
- it can be used as surface disinfectant.
- inhalation of its fume may cause narcosis
Isopropyl alcohol
64
- acts as preservative for foods products
- prevents growth of bacteria without killing it
- play an important role in extending shelf life of cosmetics and personal care products.
Benzyl Alcohol
65
It is fungicidal and sporicidal used in disinfecting inoculation hoods
Methyl Alcohol
66
defined as process in which a molecule structure deviates from its original state when exposed in denaturing ageents
Denaturation
67
used for denoting mercury, lead, zinc, silver and copper
Heavy Metals
68
- it used as biocidal agents and antiseptic
- active agents against viruses at dilution of 1:500 to 1:1000
Mercurials
69
its solution is used clinically as treatment for Opthalmia neonatrum Crede's prophylaxis
Silver Compounds and the solution I'm referring to is Silver Nitrate.
70
bactericidal oxidizing agents that cause oxidation of essential sulfhydryl groups of enzymes causing inactivation of the enzymes
Halogens
71
- considered as best antisepsis because it is sporicidal, fungicidal, bactericidal, virucidal and amoebacidal.
- it also penetrates bacterial cell wall
Iodine
72
It has been used for deactivation of pathogens in drinking water, swimming pool water, and wastewater
Chlorine
73
weak antiseptic and used only for cleaning wounds and in the disinfection of surgical devices and soft plastic contact lenses.
Hydrogen peroxide
74
group of strong disinfectants that act by replacing atom within a molecule with an alkyl group, thereby inactivating enzymes and nucleic acid.
Alkylating agents
75
type of chemical substance made from alcohol
Aldehyde
76
- commonly used in solution at a concentration of 37% known as formalin or as gaseous disinfectant and biocide
- used to kill Mycobacterium tuberculosis in sputum and fungi in athletes foot
Formaldehyde
77
- used to eliminate harmful microorganisms on surgical equipments.
- commonly used as 2% solution for sterilization and is marketed under brand name of Cidex
- it's efficacy is dependent on pH and temperature
Glutaraldehyde
78
- it can sterilize heat or moisture sensitive medical equipments without deleterious effects on the material used in the medical devices
- more potent but slower acting
Ethylene oxide
