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microbiology > Acellular microbes > Flashcards

Acellular microbes Flashcards

1
Q

the smallest virus is about the size of

A

large hemoglobin molecule of RBC

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2
Q

genome of a typical virion consists of

A

either DNA or RNA surrounded by capsid

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3
Q

nucleocapsid =

A

nucleic acid + capsid (protein coat)

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4
Q

features that distinguish viruses from living organisms

A
  • lack of enzymes necessary in energy production
  • unable to replicate on their own
  • depend on the resources of host cells
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5
Q

which type of viruses is more resistance to adverse conditions, why?

A

nonenveloped (naked) viruses, since attachment proteins are on the capsid (stronger than envelope)

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6
Q

single-stranded positive sense RNA functions as

A

mRNA in viruses

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7
Q

Bacteriophages

A

bacterial viruses (viruses that infect bacteria)
vibrio cholera

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8
Q

virulent bacteriophages

A

always causes a lytic cycle which ends with the destruction of the bacterial cell

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9
Q

temperate phages (lysogenic)

A

Their DNA remains integrated into the bacterial cell chromosome
 do not immediately initiate the lytic cycle like Virulent bacteriophages

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10
Q

latent virus

A

viruses that do not initiate biosynthesis right away

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11
Q

cold sores (latent virus infections)

A

cold sores (fever blisters)
 Caused by Herpes simplex virus I (HSV I)
 the cold sores come and go

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12
Q

what are the triggers for latent virus infections

A

fever, sunlight, or excessive stress

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13
Q

genital herpes

A

caused by Herpes simplex virus II (HSV II)

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14
Q

shingles

A

painful nerve disease
 Caused by Varicella zoster virus (VZV)
 Causes chickenpox (Varicella) as primary infection
 when the body’s immune defenses become weakened by old age or disease, the latent chickenpox virus resurfaces to cause shingles (zoster)

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15
Q

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)

A

a type of herpes virus
 causes infectious mononucleosis (not a type of cancer)
 causes three types of human cancers:
a-nasopharyngeal carcinoma
b-Burkitt lymphoma
c- B-cell lymphoma

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16
Q

human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8)

A

Kaposi carcinoma: cancer common in AIDS

17
Q

hepatitis B and C (HBV or HCV)

A

hepatocellular (liver) carcinoma

18
Q

Human papillomavirus (HPV) (DNA VIRUS)

A

Causes cervical cancer and other parts of the genital tract

19
Q

Retrovirus (RNA virus)

A

They have enzyme reverse transcriptase which turns RNA to DNA which
is integrated into the host cell genome
● They have long incubation periods
● Examples:
a. HIV→ AIDS → making patients immunocompromised and more
prone to cancers
b. Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 → causes T-cell leukemia

20
Q

to what receptor does HIV bind to

A

CD4

21
Q

anti-P24 antibodies

A

very specific test to identify HIV
marker: major capsid protein (p24)

22
Q

Mimivirus

A

giant virus recovered from amebas (host)
‘mimics’ bacteria
contain DNA and RNA

23
Q

Megavirus

A

has the largest capsid diameter (440 nm)
the largest and most complex genome of all viruses

24
Q

inclusion bodies

A

remnants viruses seen in infected cells
used as a diagnostic tool

25
Q

cytoplasmic inclusion bodies

A
  • negri bodies (in nerve cells) → seen in rabies
  • Guarnieri bodies → in smallpox
  • Inclusion bodies seen in AIDS or HIV
26
Q

intranuclear inclusion bodies

A
  • Owl eyes → seen in cytomegalovirus
  • Herpes virus and poliovirus inclusion bodies
27
Q

antiviral agents

A

drugs used to treat viral infections
disrupts critical phases in viral cycle

28
Q

viroids

A

infectious RNA molecules (only in plants)
smaller than viruses

29
Q

Prions

A

small infectious proteins that convert normal protein molecules into non-functional ones

30
Q

Ebola virus

A

transmitted by bats, causes hemorrhagic fever, high mortality

31
Q

Zika virus

A

transmitted by mosquitoes
responsible for a large number of birth defects

microbiology (9 decks)

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