Acid-Base

Question 1

Exists when blood pH falls below 7.35

Answer 1

Acidosis

Question 2

Occurs when blood pH is above 7.45

Answer 2

Alkalosis

Question 3

Consequences of fluctuations in pH

Answer 3

–Changes in excitability of nerve and muscle cells –Marked influence on enzyme activity

Question 4

_____ acids disassociate completely in solution

ex:

Answer 4

Strong

HCl

Question 5

_____ acids do NOT completely disassociate

Ex;

Answer 5

Weak

Carbonic Acid

Question 6

3 lines of defense to protect the body from changes in pH

Answer 6

1. Chemical buffer systems (seconds)
2. Respiratory system (minutes)
3. Kidneys (hours/days

Question 7

What are the four buffer systems

Answer 7

1. Protein buffer system
2. Hemoglobin buffer system
3. Phosphate buffer system
4. H2CO3-, HCO3- buffer system

Question 8

How do buffers protect the body from changes in pH?

Answer 8

Buffers minimize changes in pH by binding with or yielding free H+

Question 9

Adding HCl (Strong Acid) to unbuffered solution will ______ the pH because you are ________ free H+ ions

Answer 9

decrease

increasing

Question 10

Adding HCl (Strong Acid) to a buffered solution will ____ the change in the pH because you are ______ free H+ ions

Answer 10

resist

buffering

Question 11

Amino acids with _____ charged amino groups and _____ charged carboxyl groups can bind hydrogen and hydroxyl ions

Answer 11

positively

negatively

Question 12

What is the main protein inside of red blood cells (rbc)?

Answer 12

Hemoglobin

Question 13

During the conversion of CO2 into bicarbonate, hydrogen ions liberated in the reaction are buffered by _______

Answer 13

Hemoglobin

Question 14

In an acidic environment Hb will ____ protons

Answer 14

take up

Question 15

In an alkaline environment Hb will ____ protons

Answer 15

give up

Question 16

How does the respiratory system protect pH change in the body?

Answer 16

Regulates pH by controlling rate of CO2 removal

Question 17

Explain the respiratory defense against pH change

Answer 17

• Increased metabolism
• increased [H+]
• activates the respiratory control center in the brainstem
• increase ventilation to blow off more CO2 and increase O2 intake

Question 18

How to lower pH via respiratory system?

Answer 18

•When CO2 level in the blood rise (eg., hold your breath), the excess CO2 reacts with water to form more carbonic acid & lowers blood pH

Question 19

How to raise pH via respiratory system?

Answer 19

The loss of CO2 from expiration reduces blood levels of carbonic acid and thereby adjusts the pH upward & back to normal

Question 20

What is the first line of defense in pH regulation?

Answer 20

Buffer systems

Question 21

What is the second line of defense in pH regulation?

Answer 21

respiration

Question 22

What is the third line of defense in pH regulation?

Answer 22

Kidneys

Question 23

Explain how kidneys regulate pH levels in human body

Answer 23

excreting hydrogen ions and generating bicarbonate that helps maintain blood plasma pH within a normal range

Question 24

T or F: the kidneys can directly secrete and excrete H+

Answer 24

TRUE

Question 25

Kidney pH system regulated by:

Answer 25

1. H+ excretion/secretion | 2. HCO3- conservation

Question 26

Explain how kidney relieves increased H concentration (lower pH)

Answer 26

You currently have an increased H secretion so you increase excretion which decreases Plasma H

Question 27

Higher H concentration equals ____ pH

Answer 27

LOWER

Question 28

Explain how kidney relieves increased CO2 concentration (higher pH)

Answer 28

You have increased HCO3- conservation so you decrease HCO3- extcretion so you increase plasma HCO3-