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ENDOCRINE Flashcards

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1
Q

Lack ducts and secrete hormones into the blood.

A

Endocrine glands

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2
Q

Two hormone categories based on solubility

A
  1. Hydrophilic

2. Lipophilic

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3
Q

Hormones in Hydrophilic Category

A
  • Peptide hormones

- Catecholamine’s

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4
Q

Hormones in Lipophilic Category

A
  • Steroid hormones

- Thyroid hormones

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5
Q

Plasma concentration of hormones is influenced by:

A
  1. The hormone rate of secretion
  2. The rate of Metabolic Activation or Conversion
  3. Transport (binding to plasma proteins)
  4. Inactivation (excretion)
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6
Q

Mechanisms to regulate secretion

A
  1. Negative feedback
  2. Neuroendocrine reflexes
    ability of nervous system to regulate secretion
    Ex, epi release from adrenal medulla is sympathetic
  3. Diurnal (circadian) rhythms
    Ex; cortisol secretion increases at night and decreases throughout the day
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7
Q

Dysfunction where too little hormone is secreted

A

Hypo-secretion

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8
Q

Dysfunction where too much hormone is secreted

A

Hyper-secretion

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9
Q

Primary or Secondary Hypo-secretion?

Too little hormone is secreted due to abnormal in gland

A

Primary

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10
Q

Primary or Secondary Hypo-secretion?

Too little hormone secreted due to deficiency of its tropic hormone

A

Secondary

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11
Q

Cause of Hyper-secretion in general

A

Tumors that ignore normal regulatory input and continuously secrete excess hormone

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12
Q

Primary or Secondary Hyper-secretion?

Too much hormone is secreted due to abnormal in gland

A

Primary

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13
Q

Primary or Secondary Hyper-secretion?

Excessive stimulation from outside the gland causes over-secretion

A

Secondary

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14
Q

3 Ways Hormones Influence Activity at Target Cell

A
  1. Permissiveness “Present”
  2. Synergism “Teamwork”
  3. Antagonism “Takeover”
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15
Q

Type of hormone influence?

One hormone must be present in adequate amounts for full exertion of another hormone’s effect

A

Permissiveness

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16
Q

Type of hormone influence?Occurs when actions of several hormones are complimentary
Combined effect is greater than the sum of their separate effects

A

Synergism

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17
Q

Type of hormone influence?Occurs when one hormone causes loss of another hormone’s receptors
Reduces effectiveness of second hormone

A

Antagonism

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18
Q

What connects the pituitary gland and the hypothalamus?

A

infundibular stalk

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19
Q

2 anatomically and functionally distinct lobes of the pituitary gland?

A
  1. Posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis)

2. Anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)

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20
Q

Which lobe of the pituitary gland is composed of nervous tissue?

A

Posterior Pituitary

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21
Q

Which lobe of the pituitary gland consists of glandular epithelial tissue?

A

Anterior Pituitary

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22
Q

What 2 hormones does the hypothalamus secrete?

A

ADH (Vasopressin)

Oxytocin

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23
Q

What is vasopressin (ADH) known for?

A

Conserves water during urine formation (vasoconstrictor)

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24
Q

What is oxytocin known for?

A

Stimulates uterine contraction during childbirth and milk ejection during breast-feeding

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25
What kind of hormone is vasopressin and oxytocin considered?
Neurohormones because they are secreted by neurons
26
If vasopressin is released to the kidneys what happens?
Permeability for H2O increased in the distal and collecting tubules
27
If vasopressin is released to the arterioles what happens?
Causes vasoconstriction
28
If oxytocin is released to the uterus what happens?
Stimulates uterine contractions
29
If oxytocin is released to the mammary glands what happens?
Stimulates milk ejection during breast-feeding
30
Explain how hormones get from hypothalamus to blood
1. Paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei in hypothalamus contain neurons that produce vasopressin and oxytocin 2. Depending on the neuron one of the hormones is synthesized in the neuronal cell body (w dendrites) 3. Hormone travels down axon to be stored in neuronal terminals in the posterior pituitary 4. When neuron is excited, stored hormone released from terminals into systemic blood 5. Hormone distributed about body
31
What are the 6 peptide hormones that are secreted and produced by the anterior pituitary gland?
1. Thyroid-stimulating Hormone (TSH) 2. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) 3. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) 4. Luteinizing Hormone (LH) 5. Growth Hormone (GH) 6. Prolactin (PRL)
32
Name in shorthand the 6 peptide hormones secreted/produced by the anterior pituitary gland
1. TSH 2. FSH 3. LH 4. GH 5. PRL 6. ACTH
33
What would stimulating TSH do?
1. Releases to the Thyroid Gland 2. Stimulates secretion of thyroid hormone T3 and T4 3. Increased metabolic rate
34
What would stimulating ACTH do?
1. Releases to the adrenal cortex 2. Stimulates secretion of cortisol 3. Metabolic actions, stress response
35
What would stimulating FSH do? (F & M)
1. Releases to the gonads 2. F: promotes secretion of estrogen by ovaries stimulates growth and development of ovarian follicles M: gamete production REQUIRED for sperm production
36
What would stimulating LH do? (F & M)
1. Releases to gonads 2. Sex hormone secretion F: estrogen and progesterone responsible for ovulation and luteinization (days 14-28 in cycle) M: testosterone
37
What would stimulating GH do?
1. Releases to Liver 2. Converts to IGF-I 3. Goes to Bone, Soft tissues 4. Initiates growth 1. Releases to adipose tissues, muscle, liver 2. Metabolic actions Regulating overall body growth; important in intermediary metabolism
38
What would stimulating PRL do?
1. Released to mammary glands | 2. Promotes breast growth and milk secretion
39
Where are the adrenal glands located?
Above each kidney in a capsule of fat
40
What 2 endocrine organs are the adrenal glands made of?
Adrenal Cortex - outer | Adrenal Medulla - inner
41
Which portion of the adrenal gland secretes steroid hormones?
Adrenal cortex
42
Which portion of the adrenal gland secretes catecholamine's? (cat-a-cole-a-means)
Adrenal medulla
43
Name the 3 layer of the adrenal cortex
1. zona glomerulosa 2. zona fasciculata 3. zona reticularis
44
Name the 3 categories of the adrenal steroids and name which ones mainly include cortisol and aldosterone
Mineralocorticoids - aldosterone Glucocorticoids - cortisol Sex Hormones
45
What is the most abundant and physiologically important male sex hormone?
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)
46
How do you increase the secretion of aldosterone?
Activation of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system by factors related to a reduction in Na+ and a fall in blood pressure Direct stimulation of adrenal cortex by rise in plasma K+ concentration
47
Is regulation of aldosterone secretion largely independent or dependent of anterior pituitary control?
Independent
48
What steroid hormone can have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects?
Cortisol
49
What steroid hormone stimulates protein degradation in many tissues, especially muscle?
Cortisol
50
What steroid hormone plays a key role in adaptation to stress?
Cortisol
51
What steroid hormone facilitates lipolysis?
Cortisol
52
What steroid hormones stimulates hepatic gluconeogenesis and inhibits glucose intake?
Cortisol
53
How is cortisol secretion regulated?
Regulated by negative-feedback loop involving hypothalamic CRH and pituitary ACTH
54
What peptide hormones is involved in the stress response?
CRH - Corticotropin releasing hormone
55
Describe the stress response
1. Brain under stress 2. Release of CRH from the hypothalamus 3. CRH reaches the anterior pituitary gland which then releases ACTH 4. ACTH is sent to the adrenal cortex 5. Adrenal cortex releases cortisol and is sent back to the brain
56
Name disorders of adrenocortical function
Aldosterone hyper secretion | Cortisol hyper secretion
57
What might aldosterone hyper-secretion be caused by?
Primary - hyper secreting adrenal tumor made up of aldosterone-secreting cells Secondary- high activity of renin-angiotensin system
58
What are the symptoms of aldosterone hyper-secretion
Excessive Na+ retention and K+ depletion | High Blood Pressure
59
What is a common name for Cortisol hyper-secretion?
Cushing's Syndrome
60
What might Cushing's syndrome (Cortisol hyper-secretion) be caused by?
Overstimulation of adrenal cortex by excessive amounts of CRH and ACTH Adrenal tumors that uncontrollably secrete cortisol independent of ACTH ACTH-secreting tumors located in places other than the pituitary
61
What are the symptoms of Cortisol hyper-secretion (Cushing's)?
Hyperglycemia and glucosuria (adrenal diabetes) Abnormal fat distributions “buffalo hump” and “moon face”
62
Which portion of the adrenal gland releases epinephrine and norepinephrine?
Adrenal Medualla
63
What reinforces sympathetic system in mounting general systemic “fight-or-flight” responses?
Epinephrine
64
The release of what provides maintenance of arterial blood pressure increases blood glucose and blood fatty acids?
Epinephrine
65
What portion of the adrenal gland is a modified part of sympathetic nervous system?
Adrenal Medulla
66
What kind of tissue is the thyroid gland made of?
Endocrine tissue joined in the middle by a narrow portion of gland
67
What cells produce T3 and T4?
Follicular Cells
68
What amino acid are T3 and T4 derived from?
Tyrosine
69
What are the 2 iodine-containing hormones derived from amino acid tyrosine that are produced by follicular cells?
Tetraiodothyronine (T4, thyroxine) | Tri-iodothyronine (T3)
70
What peptide hormone does C cells secrete?
Calcitonin
71
Describe the path including the thyroid to increased metabolism
1. Hypothalamus releases Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) 2. TRH gets delivered to the anterior pituitary which stimulates the release of TSH 3. TSH then travels to the thyroid gland which releases T3 and T4 4. This results in increased metabolism, growth and developments, and increased catecholamine effect
72
What type of system maintains hormones relatively constant in thyroid hormone regulation?
Negative feedback loop
73
Hashimoto
Hypothyroidism
74
Graves Disease
Hyperthyroidism
75
Primary Causes of Hypothyroidism
Primary failure of thyroid gland Secondary to a deficiency of TRH, TSH, or both Inadequate dietary supply of iodine
76
Treatment for hypothyroidism
Replacement therapy | Dietary iodine
77
Primary Causes of Hyperthyroidism
Autoimmune disease | Body erroneously produces thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI)
78
Treatment for hyperthyroidism
Surgical removal of a portion of the over-secreting thyroid | Use of antithyroid drugs
79
Caused by overproduction of GH in childhood before epiphyseal plates close
Gigantism (GH excess)
80
Occurs when GH hypersecretion occurs after adolescence
Acromegaly (GH excess)
81
Most often caused by tumor of GH-producing cells of anterior pituitary
Growth Hormone Excess
82
Due to pituitary defect or hypothalamic dysfunction
Growth Hormone Deficiency
83
Hyposecretion of GH in child
Dwarfism
84
Groups of pancreatic cells secreting insulin and glucagon
Islets of Langerhans
85
Name 3 Endocrine (Pancreas) Cells and their purpose
1. B (beta) cells - site of insulin synthesis and secretion 2. A (alpha) cells - produce glucagon 3. D (delta) cells - local presence of somatostatin decreases secretion of insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin itself
86
What endocrine (pancreas) cell is the site of insulin synthesis and secretion?
B- beta cells
87
What endocrine (pancreas) cell produces glucagon?
A - alpha cells
88
What endocrine (pancreas) cell is the local presence of somatostatin decreases secretion of insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin itself?
D - delta cells
89
What type of hormone is insulin?
Anabolic
90
What anabolic hormone promotes cellular uptake of glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids and enhances their conversion into glycogen, triglycerides, and proteins, respectively?
Insulin
91
What does insulin convert glucose into?
Glycogen
92
What does insulin convert fatty acids into?
Triglycerides
93
What does insulin convert amino acids into?
Proteins
94
Does insulin raise or lower the blood concentration of small organic molecules (glycogen, proteins)?
Lower
95
What state is insulin secretion increased during?
Absorptive state
96
What is the primary stimulus for insulin secretion?
Increase in blood glucose concentration
97
What is the most common endocrine disorder?
Diabetes Mellitus
98
What is the prominent feature of Diabetes Mellitus?
Elevated blood glucose levels - urine is sweet from excess blood glucose that spilt into the urine
99
What is Type I Diabetes characterized by?
Lack of insulin secretion | Destruction of B cells
100
What is Type II Diabetes characterized by?
Normal or even increased insulin secretion but reduced sensitivity of insulins target cell
101
What percentage of Diabetics have Type I?
10-20%
102
What percentage of Diabetics have Type II?
80-90%
103
What is the treatment of for a Type I diabetic?
Insulin injections Dietary management Exercise
104
What is the treatment of for a Type II diabetic?
Dietary control Weight reduction Oral hypoglycemic drugs
105
What hormone generally opposes actions of insulin?
Glucagon
106
What hormone is secreted in response to a direct effect of a fall in blood glucose on pancreatic alpha cells?
Glucagon
107
Glucagon is secretedin response to a direct effect of a fall in blood glucose on what type of pancreatic cells?
alpha-cells A
108
What hormone mobilizes energy-rich molecules from storage sites during a post-absorptive state?
Glucagon
109
Glucagon hormone mobilizes energy-rich molecules from storage sites during what state?
Post-absorptive

HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY (3 decks)

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