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ANSC 430 > Acidosis > Flashcards

Acidosis Flashcards

(44 cards)

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1
Q

Rumen is aerobic or anaerobic?

A

Anaerobic

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2
Q

Normal rumen gas concentrations

A

-65% CO2
-27% CH4
-7% N
-0.6% O2
-0.2% H2

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3
Q

Normal rumen temperature

A

38 to 41 degrees C

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4
Q

Normal pH range vs Extreme pH range

A

Normal: 5.5-6.9
Extreme: 4.5-7.2

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5
Q

Microbiology of the rumen

A
  • Bacteria, protozoa and fungi
  • Methanogens
  • Bacteriophages
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6
Q

“Most rumen microbes are ______ ______”

A

Obligate anaerobes

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7
Q

Particle associated microbial communities are…

A
  • up to 75% of the populations
  • have high enzymatic activity
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8
Q

Liquid associated microbial communities are….

A
  • Up to 50% of microbes
  • Utilize soluble nutrients
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9
Q

Epimural associated microbial communities are…

A
  • Small portion
  • More stable
  • Facultative anaerobes
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10
Q

Characteristics of short chain fatty acids

A
  • Major source of energy supply
  • Production of SCFA releases ATP for microbial growth
  • Difficult to measure production
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11
Q

Major short chain fatty acids

A
  • Acetate
    -Propionate
  • Butyrate
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12
Q

2 Forms of lactic acid

A

L-lactic acid
D-lactic acid

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13
Q

Predominant isomer in the rumen is….

A

L-lactate

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14
Q

Which lactate form increases with lower pH?

A

D-lactate

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15
Q

Is there more absorption of L-lactate of D-lactate?

A

L-lactate

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16
Q

Acid production is caused by…..

A

Fermentation of acid production in the rumen

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17
Q

How is acid neutralized?

A
  • Buffering by saliva and feed
  • Absorption
  • Passage through the rumen
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18
Q

Subacute ruminal acidosis definition

Study These Flashcards
A

Rumen pH depression between 5.2 and 5.6 for at least 3h/day

19
Q

Acute ruminal acidosis definition

Study These Flashcards
A

Rumen pH below 5.0

20
Q

When form of acidosis is more serious?

Study These Flashcards
A

Acute acidosis

21
Q

Symptoms of acute ruminal acidosis

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Depression
  • Off-feed
  • Elevated heart rate
  • Diarrhea
  • Death, if not treated
22
Q

Steps that lead to acidosis (9 steps)

Study These Flashcards
A

1) increased cereal grain intake
2) increased growth rate of bacteria
3) increased VFA produciton
4) increased Strep. bovis growth rate
5) increased lactic acid
6) decreased lactic acid utilizers
7) increased lactobacillus species
8) stasis fermentation
9) metabolic acidosis

23
Q

Affects of ruminal acidosis

Study These Flashcards
A
  • decreased aninmal welfare
  • decreased ADG and carcass weight
  • associates with other disorders (liver abscess)
  • mortality
24
Q

Causes of ruminal acidosis

Study These Flashcards
A
  • increased VFA production leading to decreased absorption and buffering
  • excess grain or NFC in diet
  • rapid increase in dietary content of NFC (feed change)
  • insufficient dietary course fibre or fermentable forages
  • insufficient rumen buffering due to inadequate chewing and salivation (forage particle size)\
  • cattle sorting forage out of the diet
25
Factors that make highly fermentable diets
- grain content - grain type - processing of grain
26
Consequences of acute acidosis
- metabolic acidosis - death (in severe cases) - chronic poor performance
27
Types of bloat
1) free gas 2) frothy bloat
28
What is frothy bloat?
Gas produced from fermentation gets trapped in a stable foam formed by breakdown of legumes leading to a build up pressure in the rumen
29
What is free gas bloat?
Build up of gas int he rumen that can not escape due to a physical obstruction of functional problem
30
Microbial risk factors of frothy bloat
- Mucopolysaccharide production - Creation of a viscous fluid preventing separation of gas - Streptococci linked
31
Steps in liver abcesses caused by acidosis
1) deterioration of rumen wall form acid production 2) Bacteria from rumen invade systemic circulation 3) hepatic portal blood system transfers bacteria to lover 4) bacteria are localized in live and encapsulated, causing abcesses
32
Etiology for laminitis
- Decreased pH causes increased Histamine and endotoxins - Histamin is absorbed and causes inflammation - Translocation of histamine causes systemic inflammation - Systemic inflammation causes arterial dilation and vasoconstriction, especially in the hoof - Inflammation increases cell permeability and causes vascular seepage
33
Consequences of vascular seepage
- Edema causing pain - Hypoxia - Hoof corium degeneration - Mechanical damage of hoof structures
34
Effects of inflammation on performance?
- Decreased DMI - Decreased ADG - Decreased feed efficiency
35
Strategies to mitigate ruminal acidosis
- Reduce fermentability - Include dietary buffers - Rumen fermentation modifiers - Feeding management
36
Strategies to reduce fermentability
- reduce dietary starch -increase fibre - increase byproducts - increase fat
37
Dietary bufferts to mitigate ruminal acidosis
-Bicarbonate - Calcium carbonate
38
Rumen fermentation modifiers to mitigate ruminal acidosis
- Ionophores - Amylase inhibitors - Essential oils - Mono- and poly- clonal antibodies - Direct fed microbes
39
Feeding management to mitigate ruminal acidosis
- Increased frequency - Bunk management - Avoid period of feed restriction - Dietary adaptation
40
Factors leading to variation in daily feed intake
- Weather (winter storms) - Missed feeding - Poor ration processing (lots of fines) - Stale/moldy feed - Moving up to quickly
41
Causes of feeding management errors
1) Animals get hungry 2) Consume too much feed 3) Mild - severe sub-acute acidosis 4) repeat process over time causes chronic acidosis
42
Which bunk management reduces incidence of sub-acute acidosis?
Slick bunk
43
Prevalence of acidosis increases with....
Advancing days on feed
44
Management to reduce incidence of sub-acute acidosis
-Limit amount of feed intake increase in a 3 day period - Never increase amount of feed at the same time you chance to a higher grain ration - Use a step up feeding program - Change to a higher grain ration at afternoon feeding - Feed an ionophore - Multiple daily feedings

ANSC 430 (16 decks)

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