Cereal Grains

Question 1

Most worldwide fed grain

Answer 1

corn

Question 2

western canada main grain

Answer 2

barley

Question 3

eastern canada main grain

Answer 3

corn

Question 4

cereal grain composition trend

Answer 4

• high starch
• low fibre
• intermediate protein

Question 5

grains can be fed up to ___% of the diet DM

Answer 5

90

Question 6

foundation crop of canadas feedlot industry

Answer 6

barley

Question 7

importance of corn

Answer 7

highest level of starch and energy, but lowest rumen degradable starch

Question 8

corn rations typically require supplemental ___

Answer 8

protein

Question 9

importance of wheat

Answer 9

• primarily used for human food
• in animals used more in poultry and swine
• risk of acidosis

Question 10

beef producers often limit wheat content of a diet to ___%

Answer 10

<50%

Question 11

___ ferments rapidly in the rumen, leading to ___ and ___

Answer 11

wheat
bloat, acidosis

Question 12

corn in western canada

Answer 12

corn silage used but not grain because we dont have enough heat units to produce grain

Question 13

cereal structure outside (5 layers)

Answer 13

1) pericarp
2) testa
3) nucellus
4) aleurone
5) endosperm

Question 14

what part of grain is high in oil

Answer 14

embryo

Question 15

why crack barley?

Answer 15

increase digestion and efficiency of use

Question 16

2 types of corn endosperm

Answer 16

floury and vitreous

Question 17

floury endosperm

Answer 17

more open and opaque

Question 18

vitreous endosperm

Answer 18

hard endosperm and translucent

Question 19

amylose vs amylopectin

Answer 19

amlyose is linear, digests slower
amylopectin has branching and digests faster

Question 20

husk and pericarp make up ___% weight of a barley kernel

Answer 20

10%

Question 21

testa and aleurone make up ___% of weight of a barley kernel

Answer 21

14%

Question 22

aleurone layer is rich in

Answer 22

protein

Question 23

B glucans in barley

Answer 23

ruminants can handle, not monogastrics

Question 24

starchy endosperms of barley make up ___% of kernel weight

Answer 24

73%

Question 25

embryo in barley makes up ___% of kernel weight

Answer 25

3%

Question 26

what is test weight?

Answer 26

measure of grain density

Question 27

imperial bushel weight is ....

Answer 27

36.369 L

Question 28

Minimum standards fro bushel weight depend on.......

Answer 28

- Commodity being measured - Moisture content

Question 29

Limiting factors of accessibility of amylolytic bacteria to starch granules (2)

Answer 29

- Husk/Bran/Pericarp (resistant to microbial attachment and penetration) - Encased in protein matrix

Question 30

Penetration of protein matrix

Answer 30

Barley/Wheat: penetrated by rumen proteolytic bacteria Corn/Sorghum: penetrated only by rumen fungi

Question 31

Rumen fermentation of starch depends on....

Answer 31

- Cereal grain type - degree of processing - microbial colonization

Question 32

Fastest and slowest digested cereal grains

Answer 32

Fastest: dry rolled wheat Slowest: dry rolled sorghum

Question 33

______ can help to slow down the rate of ruminal starch fermentation by......

Answer 33

Protozoa engulfing starch granules

Question 34

Why process cereal grains?

Answer 34

crack seed coat to provide access to endosperm for rumen bacteria

Question 35

4 methods of processing

Answer 35

1) dry rolling 2) steam rolling 3) grinding 4) high moisture/reconstituted grain

Question 36

Grinding

Answer 36

performed using hammer mill