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chemistry igcse draft > acids bases and salts > Flashcards

acids bases and salts Flashcards

1
Q

what are acids?

A

proton donors,
ph<7

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2
Q

what are bases?

A

proton acceptor
substance that neutralises an acid
ph>7

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3
Q

do alkalis dissolve in water?

A

yes

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4
Q

sulfuric acid symbol

A

H2SO4

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5
Q

sulfate salt symbol and charge

A

SO4 2-

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6
Q

hydrochloric acid symbol

A

HCL

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7
Q

chloride symbol and charge

A

CL -

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8
Q

nitric acid symbol

A

HNO3

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9
Q

nitrate symbol and charge

A

NO3 -

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10
Q

what solutions contain H+ ions

A

aqueos solutions of acids

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11
Q

what do aqueous solutions of alkalis contain

A

OH- ions

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12
Q

what happens when an acid reacts with a metal

A

salt and hydrogen are given off

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13
Q

what happens when a metal oxide reacts with bases

A

salt and water are formed

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14
Q

what happens when an acid reacts with a metal hydroxide

A

salt and water formed

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15
Q

what happens wen an acid reacts with a metal carbonate

A

salt, water, and carbon dioxide formed

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16
Q

what happens when an acid reacts with ammonia

A

ammonium slat formed

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17
Q

what color does litmus paper turn with an acid and then with an alkali

A

acid= red
alkali=blue

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18
Q

thymolphthalein color when with acid and then with alkali

A

acid= colourless
alkali=blue

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19
Q

methyl orange turn with acid and with alkali

A

acid=red
alkali-yellow

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20
Q

phenolphthalein color with acid and alkali

A

acid= colourless
alkali=pink

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21
Q

universal indicator turns what colour with alkali and acid

A

alkaline= blue (weak) purple (strong)
acid= orange(weak) red (strong)

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22
Q

what is a strong acid

A

acid that completly dissociates in aqueous solution

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23
Q

what is a weak acid

A

acid that partially dissociates in aqueous solution

24
Q

are non-metal oxides more likely to be acidic or basic
give an example

A

acidic
CO2 AND SO2

25
Q

are metal- oxides more likely to be acidic or basic
give example

A

basic
CuO and CaO

26
Q

color of magnesium oxide

A

white powder

27
Q

colour of iron oxide

A

red/orange

28
Q

colour of copper oxide

A

black powder

29
Q

what oxides are neutral

A

carbon monoxide and dinitrogen oxide

30
Q

what does it mean for an oxide to be amphoteric

A

be both acidic and basic, can react with either to produce a salt and water

31
Q

examples of amphoteric acids

A

aluminium oxide and zinc (II) oxide

32
Q

difference between bases and alkalis

A

bases are oxides or hydroxides of metals and alkalis are soluble bases, not all bases are alkalis all alkalis are bases

33
Q

describe how you would make a soluble salt using an insoluble base

A

1-heat up an acid until nearly boiling
2-add excess of a base and mix
3-filter excess to remove residue, and what is left is only the salt
4- add solution to an evaporating basin and heat until crystals are seen in edge
5-let cool for a few days

34
Q

when making a soluble salt using an insoluble base how would you know that all acid has been neutralised?

A

you should use an excess of the base and you should see this excess on the bottom of the flask

35
Q

how do these salts form crystals?

A

they are in regular arrangement of positive and negative ions forming a cube/ ionic lattice

36
Q

how can you decide once you have created a saturated solution of a given salt

A

when crystals are seen in edge of evaporating basin

37
Q

why is it not advisable to heat the crystals to dryness during the crystallisation process?

A

they could thermally decompose

38
Q

what does the term saturated solution mean?

A

no more solute can dissolve in solution anymore has reaches solubility limit

39
Q

what happens when an acid and an alkali react? also explain with equation.

A

OH- + H+ —> H2O
water is produced
is a neutralization reaction

40
Q

explain how to produce salts by titration steps

A

1.in a burette measure an acid until 0cm3
2.use a volumetric pipette to measure 25cm3 of alkali
3.add alkali to a conical flask and add the phenolphthalein indicator (turns pink)
4.add acid and mix flask until solution turns colourless
5.measure amount of acid needed to neutralize alkali
6.repeat expirment without indicator
7.put solution in evaporating basin and heat gently until crystals are seen in edge
8.leave drying for a few days

41
Q

how do you make insoluble salts?

A

by precipitation

42
Q

what salts are soluble?

A

all sodium potassium and ammonium
all nitrates
chloride salts except silver chloride and lead (II) chloride
sulfate salts except calcium, barium and lead (II) sulfate

43
Q

what salts are insoluble?

A

all carbonates except sodium potassium and ammonium
all hydroxides except sodium pottasium ammonium and partially calcium
exceptions:
silver chloride, lead sulfate, calcium sulfate, lead chloride and barium sulfate

44
Q

how do you prepare insoluble salts step by step.

A
  1. salts that are insoluble in water form a percipitate which is a insoluble chemical formed in a chemical reaction
    2.mix two soluble salts together, they will swap partners and a soluble and an insoluble salt are formed
  2. to do this mix both soluble salts together, and a percipitsate will form, filter and what is left in the filter paper is the insoluble salt
45
Q

formula for number of moles

A

mass/ mr

46
Q

formula for concentration of a solution

A

number of moles/ volume (in dm3)

47
Q

what is cm3 to dm3?

A

/1000

48
Q

what is dm3 to cm3

A

x1000

49
Q

how do you convert mol/dm3 to g/dm3?

A

mol/dm3 x mr

50
Q

what is a hydrated substance?

A

a substance that is chemically combined with water

51
Q

what is an anhydrous substance?

A

a substance containing no water

52
Q

whats meant by the term water of crystallisation?

A

water molecules present in hydrated crystals

53
Q

what happens when bases react with ammonium salts

A

salt, ammonia and water are produced

54
Q

why is hydrochloric acid a strong acid (equation)

A

HCL–> H + CL

55
Q

why is ethanoic acid a weak acid (equation)

A

CH3COOH <——>H + CH3COO

56
Q

what is formula of ammonium salt

A

NH4+

57
Q

what happens when a base reacts with an acid

A

create a salt and water

chemistry igcse draft (16 decks)

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