ACLS Concepts Flashcards
1
Q
ACS
A
acute coronary syndrome
2
Q
ALS
A
advanced life support
3
Q
AMI
A
acute myocardial infarction
4
Q
CCF
A
chest compression fraction
5
Q
CPSS
A
cincinnati prehospital stroke scale
6
Q
CQI
A
continued quality improvement
7
Q
CT
A
computed tomography
8
Q
DNAR
A
do not attempt resuscitation
9
Q
ECC
A
emergency cardiovascular care
10
Q
ED
A
emergency departement
11
Q
EMS
A
emergency medical services
12
Q
IHCA
A
in hospital cardiac arrest
13
Q
what is the average survival rate for an in hospital cardiac arrest?
A
24%
14
Q
what are more than half of IHCA due to?
A
respiratory failure or hypovolemic shock
15
Q
MACE
A
major adverse cardiac events
- death
- nonfatal MI
- need for urgent revascularization
16
Q
MET
A
medical emergency team
17
Q
NIH
A
national institutes of health
18
Q
NINDS
A
national institute of neurological disorders and stroke
19
Q
NSTE-ACS
A
non-ST elevation acute coronary syndrome or NSTEMI
20
Q
OHCA
A
out of hospital cardiac arrest
21
Q
what is the most common cause of cardiac arrest?
A
ischemia from CAD
22
Q
what may be the first indicator of cardiac arrest?
A
brief generalized seizures
23
Q
PCI
A
percutaneous coronary intervention
24
Q
ROSC
A
return of spontaneous circulation
25
pts that display one of what have ROSC? 3
1 pulse and adequate BP
2 abrupt increase in etCO2 >40mmHg
3 spontaneous arteral BP waves via aline
26
RRT
rapid response team
27
rtPA
recombinant tissue plasminogen activator
28
what is rtPA used for?
fibrinolytic used to treat pts with STEMI
29
STEMI
st elevation MI
30
TCP
transcutaneous pacing
31
TTM
targeted temperature management
32
UA
unstable angina
33
agonal breathing
more than half cardiac arrest pts experience "gasps", gurgling, moaning, snorting, or labored breathing
34
agonal rhythm
slow complex rhythms that immediately precede asystole
35
what should be initiated when agonal rhythms are incountered?
chest compressions bc agonal rhythms do not produce life sustaining cardiac output
36
what is the definition of CCF and what is the correct fraction
proportion of time spent performing chest compressions
| at least 60% but ideally >80%
37
neonate
0-28 days
38
infant
1 month-1 year
39
child
1 year to puberty (breast development or axillary hair in males)
40
adult
puberty or older
41
lay person or lay provider definition
no specialized/professional knowledge of a subject
42
mild respiratory distress
change in airway sounds
43
severe respiratory distress
deterioration in color
| changes in mental status
44
hypoventilation RR
<6
45
bradypnea RR
<12
46
normal RR
12-16
47
tachypnea RR
>20
48
stable
normal BP and signs of good perfusion
49
what are the signs of good perfusion
```
good color
good pulse
good capillary refill
warm
awake and alert
```
50
unstable
hypotension and signs of poor perfusion
51
what are the signs of poor perfusion
```
blue or pale
weak pulse
delayed capillary refill
cold
altered or depressed consciousness
sick
```
52
triage
process of deciding which pt should be treated first and where they should go based on how sick they are
53
name the 6 person high performance teams (in order)
```
1- team leader
2- compressor
3- AED/monitor/defibrillator
4- airway
5- IV/IO/Medication
6- timer/recorder
```
54
what does the team leader do
assigns roles to team members, makes decisions, provides feedback and responsible for unassigned roles
55
how often does the compressor alternate? and with who do they alternate with?
alternates with AED person every 5 cycles (2min) or when fatigue sets in
56
what does the AED/monitor/defibrillator person do?
obtains and operates defib and places monitor so team leader can see
rotates with compressor
57
what does the airway person do?
ventilates and intubates if necessary
58
what team member establishes access and pushes drugs?
IV/IO/medications member
59
what does the timer/recorder do?
records times of interventions/medications
announces when next drug is due
records frequency and duration of interruptions in compressions
60
what if you have less than 6 people?
multiple providers can take higher priority tasks
61
at what number of providers should there be a team leader?
2 or more
62
cardiac arrest teams
code blue teams
| do NOT prevent, only respond after arrest has occured
63
RRT or METS purpose
identify and treat early clinical deterioration BEFORE arrest
64
what percent of IHCA pts have abnormal vitals documented for up to 8 hours?
80%
65
what are the three components of a rapid response team?
1 -event detection and activating response (by nurse, family, doc)
2- planned response arm (RRT) (hosp sets criteria as trigger)
3- quality monitoring and administrative support
66
8 steps to successful team dynamics
```
1- have clear roles
2- know your limits
3- have constructive intervention
4- share knowledge
5- summarize and re-evaluate
6 have a closed loop communication
7- give clear messages
8- have mutual respect
```
67
what is the most important role of a team member?
being proficient in skills according to your scope of practice
68
what should you do if you are assigned a task you do not feel proficient in?
ask for a new task
69
what are the 3 steps to knowing your limits
1- call for assistance EARLY
2- don't initiate unfamiliar therapy without advice
3- don't take on too many tasks
70
should you suggest an alternative drug, dose or question someone if they are about to make a mistake?
YES but do so tactfully so it is a CONSTRUCTIVE INTERVENTION
71
how do you share knowledge 3
1 avoid fixation error (fixating on one thing when there are more important ones)
2 encourage environment of sharing
3 ask if anything has been overlooked
72
how do you summarize and re-evaluate during a code? 3
- keep records of drugs/therapy
- monitor and reassess after treatments
- inform arriving personnel of status/plans
73
can you give a drug without confirming verbally with your team leader?
NO
74
explain closed loop communication
team leader gives order
confirms it was heard
listens to confirmation from team member before assigning another task
75
3 steps to giving clear messages during a code
speak clearly no shout/mumble
repeat if necessary
question if there is any doubt
76
what are examples of systems of care
community (lay providers)
out of hospital (EMS)
hospital systems (code team, RRT, CCT, stroke team)
77
OCHA chain of survival 5
1- recognition/ activation of emergency response
2- immediate CPR
3- rapid defibrillation
4- basic and advanced EMS/transport
5- advanced life support and postarrest care
78
IHCA chain of survival 5
```
1- hosp providers monitor/prevent arrest
2- arrest witnessed EMS activated
3- CPR started
4- Defibrillation ASAP
5- ACLS and postarrest care
```
79
what two things should you do before approaching the pt?
use universal precautions (gloves)
| make sure scene is safe (if in field)
80
what assessment do you do if the pt is unconscious?
BLS RACD
81
RACD
- Responsiveness
- Activate EMS and get AED
- Circulation check (pulse and breathing simutaneously)(CPR)
- Defibrillation
82
during RACD you check the circulation and there is no pulse what do you do?
begin chest compressions
83
during RACD you check the circulation and there is a pulse but no breathing what do you do?
give two rescue breaths
84
does BLS assessment include intubation or starting an IV?
no
85
what is probable if you see a patient collapse
sudden cardiac arrest
86
what is probably if you see a patient drown
hypoxic cause of arrest
87
what do you do if you are lone rescuer and pt with hypoxic arrest
2 min CPR
| then activate EMS
88
what do you do if you are lone rescuer and pt with probable cardiac arrest
activate EMS and get AED
then start CPR
**bc defibrillation is needed to treat**
89
what assessment should you do if the patient is conscious?
primary assessment (ABCDEs)
90
what if you are unsure if the patient is conscious?
start RACD (check responsiveness)
91
what is ABCDEs?
```
PRIMARY ASSESSMENT
airway
breathing
circulation
disability
exposure
```
92
A of primary assessment
airway
| check patency and consider advanced airway placement
93
B of primary assessment
breathing
| consider supplementary oxygen and advanced airway placement, monitor oxygenation and ventilation
94
C of primary assessment
circulation
assessing pulse, EKG, BP (stable vs unstable), CPR effectiveness, temp and glucose, need for fluid or drugs, need for cardioversion/defib
95
D of primary assessment
disability
check neurologic function (responsive, conscious level, pupil dilation)
AVPU
96
AVPU
alert, voice, painful, unresponsive
97
E of primary assessment
exposure
remove clothing to perform quick physical exam
look for signs of trauma, bleeding, burns, medical alert bracelet
98
initial steps on conscious pt what things do you want to verbilize?
1- oxygen placed on pt (A and B)
2- monitors placed, 12 lead ECG, SpO2, BP (C)
3- IV placed (C)
99
once you have a SpO2 monitor on what do you want to titrate the SpO2 to?
94-99%
100
after you verbilize the first 3 steps what should you do?
auscultation and check patency of airway
check BP/pulse (stable?)
check ECG (rhythm?)
neurologic fxn and physical exam
101
what makes up the secondary assessment?
SAMPLE and H's & T's
| searches for cause of problem
102
SAMPLE
```
signs and symptoms
allergies
medications
past medical history
last meal
events
```
103
when should you verbalize SAMPLE?
conscious pt
104
when should you verbalize Hs and Ts
unconscious pt
105
how many hypos, hypers and H+ are in the H's?
5 hypos
1 hyper
1 H+
106
what are the 7 H's of pulseless arrest?
```
hypovolemia
hypoxemia
hypothermia
hypoglycemia
hypokalemia
hyperkalemia
acidosis (H+)
```
107
what are the 5 T's of pulseless arrest?
```
tamponade
thrombosis (coronary/pulm)
tension pneumothorax
trauma
toxins
```
108
how is cardiac tamponade diagnosed and treated
diagnosed with ultrasound
| treated with pericardiocentesis
109
in pts with cardiac arrest due to presumed or known PE what is it reasonable to do?
administer fibrinolytics
110
what is the diagnosis for a tension pneumothorax
```
unilateral absent breath sounds
deviated trachea
hypotension
CXR
bedside ultrasound
```
111
treatment for tension pneumo
needle decompression
| then chest tube
112
needle decompression
2nd intercostal space
| mid clavicular line
113
chest tube
6th intercostal space
| mid axillary line
114
what can toxins or drug overdose lead to? ECG
prolonged QT on ECG
115
how do you treat toxins or drug OD?
```
monitor blood sugar (beta blocker or alcohol can lead to hypoglycemia)
gastric lavage (wash out stomach)
charcoal tablets
```
116
what should wall suction be capable of ?
-80 to -120 mmHg
| usually >-300
117
effective suction technique
<10 sec, <10 attempts
| follow with short period of O2
118
what should you do if suctioning thick material?
squirt 1-2cc N/S before suctioning
119
what type of suction goes down ETT and is better for thin secretions
soft suction catheter
120
in trauma pts how should the airway be opened? what should be avoided and why
jaw thrust
avoid chin lift bc of potential cervical instability
121
for trauma pts should manual spinal motion restriction or immobilization devices be used?
manual spinal motion restriction bc the collars can complicate airway management
122
mild choking classification
pt can cough
good air exchange
NO HEIMLICH
activate EMS if obstruction persists
123
severe choking classification
pt canNOT cough
unable to speak
treatment differs
124
severe choking in responsive adult protocol
heimlich (above navel below breastbone)
| examined post heimlich to rule out damage
125
severe choking in responsive child protocol
heimlich maneuver or abdominal thrusts below xyphoid
126
severe choking in responsive infant protocol
prone in one arm and 5 back blows
| flip supine in other arm and 5 downward chest thrust two fingers (exactly where compressions would be)
127
severe choking in unresponsive pts protocol
immediately start CPR (even if pulse palpable)
| **each time you open airway for breaths look for object in mouth**
128
choking pt after the obstruction is relieved protocol
place in recovery position (on side)
129
drowning protocol
immediate CPR
| if in icy water then rewarming core temp to at least 30C is recommended before abandoning CPR
130
what is the most rapid and effective technique for rewarming hypothermic cardiac arrest
extracorporeal circulation
131
what should your caution be when securing the ETT?
potential danger of obstructing venous return from brain with tube tie
132
is cricoid recommended in ACLS?
not recommended
133
what is the preferred method of confirming ETT placement
etCo2 continuous waveform
| as in exact co2
134
what is used if continuous etco2 waveform is not available?
colorimetric capnography
135
what type of capnography is colorimetric
semi-qualitiative
confirms there is etco2 but not exactly what it is
may fail to detect co2 when ETT is correctly placed
136
purple colorimetric capnography
<2.28mmHg
137
beige colorimetric capnography
3.8-7.6mmHg
138
yellow colorimetric capnography
>15.2mmHg
| **GOLD=GOOD**
139
should an advanced airway be placed?
AHA recommends that rescuers provide assisted ventilation with BVM or advanced airway
140
oxygen therapy during arrest and initial resuscitation
high flow oxygen 100%
141
oxygen therapy after ROSC
titrated to spo2 of 94=99 for non ACS
| >90% fot ACS
142
mouth to mouth breathing adults protocol
pinch nose chin lift
143
what is the FiO2 of mouth to mouth? CO2?
17% fiO2
| 4% CO2
144
mouth to mouth breathing kids protocol
place mouth over victims mouth and nose
145
which should be performed with one rescuer? two rescuer?
mouth to mouth
bag mask
```
one= mouth to mouth
two= bag mask
```
146
what are the 4 disadvantages to excessive ventilation
1 gastric inflation (regurg/aspiration)
2 decreases venous return and CO (increased intrathor pressure)
3 decreases cerebral BF
4 lowers survival
147
what is the best way to avoid excessive ventilation?
give breath until chest rise is observed
148
what is the goal tidal volume for adults during arrest
500-600mL
149
what is the breathing rate if compressions are required? (cardiac arrest)
LOWER 10 breaths/min
| venous return more important
150
what is the breathing rate if compressions are not required?(resp arrest)
HIGHER 10-12 breaths/min
| venous return less important
151
what is the breathing rate for mask ventilated pts (resp arrest)?
10-12 breaths/min (every 5-6 sec)
| bc breath not as effective
152
what is the breathing rate for intubated pt? (resp or cardiac arrest)
10breath/min
| bc breaths are more effective
153
what should agonal breaths be treated the same as?
apnea
154
ratio of compressions to breath mask ventilation cardiac arrest
30:2
155
when you check pulse and breathing for RACD how long should you do it?
5-10 sec and recheck every 2 min
156
if there is no breathing but there is a pulse how many breaths per minute?
10-12 breaths/min
every 5-6 sec
each breath over 1 sec
157
what is the priority for establishing vascular access?
IV first
OP (intraosseous) second
ETT last resort
158
what should you do when injecting medication IV during code?
dose followed by N/S bolus 5 mL for peds 20mL for adults
| extremity elevated for 10-20 sec
159
how fast can IO access be achieved?
30-60 sec
160
is dosing in the IO the same as IV?
yes
161
where is the best IO access? confirmation?
anterior tibia
| fluids can flow freely without local soft tissue swelling
162
ETT access for meds protocol
inject drug in ETT
5-10mL N/S flush
5 rapid PP ventilations
compressions temporarily interrupted to avoid regurg of drug
163
what can low dose epo via ETT cause?
beta 2 effects
hypotension
decrease chance for ROSC
164
ETT access dose epi adults
2-3 times IV
165
ETT access dose epi children
10 times IV
166
ETT access dose epi neonates
same as IV
167
what is the acronym for possible ETT drugs adults
```
NAVEL
narcan
atropine
vasopressin
epi
lidocaine
```
168
what is the acronym for possible ETT drugs peds
```
LEAN
lidocain
epi
atropine
narcan
```
169
what is the indication for compressions adults
no pulse
170
what is the indication for compressions children up to puberty
HR<60
171
what is the indication for compression "larger children"
HR<40
172
what is the rate for compressions
100-120 per min
173
how many compressions does it take before good blood flow?
20-25
174
how will you know if you are pushing too fast for compressions?
special monitors are available to alert you
175
5 steps for chest compression technique
```
1 use hard flat surface
2 press down on lower half of breastbone
3 push to adequate depth
4 allow complete chest recoil
5 switch providers every 2 min( or 5 cycles)
```
176
adequate compression depth adults? children?
adult 2-2.4 inches
| child 1/3 to 1/2 depth of chest or 1.5 inches
177
high quality CPR pneumonic
CPR
Chest recoil
Push hard/fast
Rotate rescuer
178
when do you use a two hand CPR technique?
adults and adolescents
179
when do you use a one hand CPR technique
alternative to two hand for children 1-8 yrs
180
when do you use 2 finger CPR technique
| ?
infants with one responder
181
two finger CPR technique
2 fingers below nipples above xyphoid
182
when do you use thumb encircling CPR technique?
neonates and infants when 2 responders
183
CPR in mask ventilated pts
compressions are interrupted when performing breaths
| CPR in 5 cycles over 2 min
184
cycle ratio of CPR mask vent adults
30:2
185
cycle ratio of CPR mask vent infant/children
1 provider
30:2
2 provider
15:2
186
cycle ratio of CPR mask vent neonate
respiratory arrest
3:1
cardiac arrest
15:2
187
CPR in intubated pts
chest compressions are not interrupted during breaths
| CPR performed in two min increments NOT cycles
188
CPR intubated adults
100-120 compressions/min
| 10 breaths/min
189
CPR intubated kids
100-120 compressions/min
| breathing rate is faster depending on age
190
4 goals for chest compressions
1 etco2 of at least 20mmHg
2 diastolic BP on aline of at least 20mmHg
3 mixed venous saO2 of at least 30% (norm is 60-80%)
4 coronary perfusion pressure of 10mmHg
191
starting compressions takes priority over everything except
calling for help
| defibrillating vfib/vtach when pads are on and ready
192
can chest compreswsions continue when defib is charging
yes
193
what is continuous chest compressions?
EMS setting
3 periods of 200 chest compressions (2 min each period)
advanced airway is postponed
passive oxygen insufflation replaces positive pressure until 3 periods are done
194
are the compressions in continuous chest compressions interrupted for anything?
yes rhythm analysis and defibrillation
195
4 times to withhold CPR?
DNR request
threat to safety of rescuers
rigor mortis (stiffening of limbs)
lividity (black and blue discoloration)
196
CPR protocol when defibrillating 6
1 check the pulse (no longer than 10 sec)
2 perform CPR until AED arrives
3 defib ASAP
4 resume 2 min of CPR
5 reanalyze rhythm (and check pulse if organized rhythm present) within 10sec
6 repeat cycle as needed
197
where do you check the pulse adults? infants?
adult carotid
| infant brachial
198
why do we continue CPR for 2 min before reanalyzing
be rhythms dont usually create perfusion in the first few min
199
when should IV/IO meds be given during CPR protocol/defib
immediately before or after shock delivery, so there is time to circulate before next check
200
ECMO for arrest?
may be considered in select cardiac arrest pts who havent responded to conventional CPR
201
abilities of the AED/AED pads
```
sense and analyze vfib/vtach
can defibrillate (auto energy dose)
```
202
limitations of AED/AED pads
does not produce ECG strip (cannot sense anything except vfib/vtach
cannot pace
cannot perform synchronized cardioversion
203
automated external defibrillator (AED)
automated means semi or fully
semi= advises if shock is indicated and provider pushes button
fully= shocks for you if indicated
204
AED protocol
```
power on AED
attach electrode pads
clear the victim
analyze rhythm
charge and shock if advised
```
205
manual defibrillator extra abilities on top of AED
show ECG strip
can perform synchronized cardioversion
can perform transcutaneous pacing
206
manual defib vs AED
manual defib is preferred if the providers skills are adequate
207
when is the analyze button used on a defibrillator
when BLS provider cannot analyze rhythm
208
energy select button on defib
adjusts the energy you shock with
209
how long should the clear and shock process take
<5 sec
210
knob set to monitor
3 tracing screens
211
knob set to defib
allows defib and synchronized cardioversion
212
knob set to pacer
allows the defib to pace
213
pacing with manual defib
output button controls current delivered
rate button controls heart rate
4:1 button causes 3 of 4 pacer impulses to be suppressed so we can analyze the rhythm
214
are most defib today mono or bi phasic?
biphasic
they are more effective at defibrillating
waveform is up and down
215
sync button for synchronized cardioversion does what
ensures shock wave occurs during R wave not during T wave
216
indications for synchronized cardioversion
unstable supraventricular rhythms (SVT, afib, aflutter
| unstable monomorphic vtach with pulse
217
how to perform synchronized cardioversion 6
1 place pads in posterior, left anterior (ventricular) right anterior (atrial)
2 knob to defib
3 sync button prior to each shock attempt
4 select 75-120 J energy
5 hit charge
6 hit shock
218
when is defibrillation indicated?
all ventricular rhythms that are pulseless and/or irregular (vfib, vtach, torsades)
219
when is defibrillation NOT indicated
supraventricular rhythms
asystole
pulseless electrical activity (PEA)
220
is sedation necessary with defibrillation
no
221
how to perform defibrillation 5
```
1 place pads posterior-anterior or anterior-anterior
2 knob to defib
3 select 200J energy
4 charge
5 shock
```
222
adult defib biphasic energy dose
120-200 J
223
adult defib monophasic energy dose
360J
224
pediatric defib biphasic 1st,2nd,up-to doses
2J/kg
4J/kg
up to 10J/kg
225
synchonized cardioversion biphasic irregular SVT (afib) energy dose?
monophasic?
120-200J
| mono= 200J
226
synchronized cardioversion biphasic regular SVT energy dose
50-100J
227
synchronized cardioversion biphasic monomorphic vtach energy dose
100J
228
transcutaneous pacing biphasic energy dose
40-80mA
229
anterior/anterior pad placement
anterior upper right chest above nip
| apex/lateral pad left anterior mid axillary of 5th intercostal space
230
posterior, left anterior pad placement
posterior pad under left scapula
| anterior pad left of sternum under left breast
231
posterior, right anterior pad placement
posterior pad under left scapula
| anterior pad right of sernum above right breast
232
what is the pad placement for AED
anterior- anterior (most common)
| posterior and left anterior
233
pad placement for transcutaneous pacing
posterior, left anterior (under left breast) {most common}
| anterior, anterior
234
placement for defibrillation and cardioversion of vtach
posterior, left anterior (best)
| anterior, anterior
235
pad placement for cardioversion of atrial rhythms
posterior, right anterior (recommended)
| anterior, anterior
236
what is the most common paddle placement adult
anterior, anterior
| post, ant can be used but harder to clear and takes longer
237
paddle placement for infant
anterior anterior
238
paddle placement for children over 1 year
anterior anterior OR
| posterior anterior
239
what is needed if you are using defibrillation paddles?
conducting gel
240
anterior anterior placement is recommended for:
AED
| defib paddles
241
posterior left anterior placement is recommended for:
pacing
| defib/ syn CV of ventricular rhythms
242
posterior right anterior placement is recommended for:
atrial rhyhtms
243
anterior anterior placement can also be used for (second choice):
defib with defib pads
syn cardioversion of atrial rhythm
pacing
244
posterior left anterior placement can also be used for (second choice)
AED pads
| Defib paddles
245
what are pediatric manual defibrillator pads
used on children less 1 year old
| bc can use lower energy doses than AED
246
pediatric AED pads
used on 1-8 yr old
| placed so they dont touch eachother
247
does the AED automatically deliver pediatric dose
some have a key or switch that can deliver a child shock dose
248
adult AED pads
used on kids >8 yr
| acceptable in infants if no peds are available
249
defibrillator safety 6
1 do not place pads on top of medication patch or pacemaker
2 it is safe to perform multiple defib attempts in hypothermic pts
3 make sure oxygen is not blowing across chest during defib
4 dry chest if sweat or water
5 pads placed flat at least 2 inches apart
6 do not allow pads to touch
250
if the pt has a ICD how far away should you place the pad?
1 inch to the side
251
if the pt is laying in water can you shock them
move to dry area then shock
252
electrical arcing
flow of current through air between electrodes can induce fire, explosion, and thermal injury
253
how many shocks are given at once?
1 shock at a time
254
how long should the time from arrival to first shock be?
<90sec
255
what is priming the pump
when EMS performs a period of CPR before defib, not recommended
256
post cardiac arrest syndrome includes
```
postarrest brain injury
postarrest myocardial dysfunction
systemic ischemia
reperfusion response
pathology that might have precipitated the arrest
```
257
4 goals of post resuscitation care
optimize ventilation and hemodynamic status
initiate targeted temperature management (TTM)
provide immediate coronary reperfusion with PCI
provide neurologic care and prognostication and other structured interventions
258
what is the first priority for someone who achieves ROSC?
oxygenation and ventilation
259
airway management for unconscious pt with ROSC
advanced airway usually
| potentially head at 30 degrees to decrease cerebral edema, aspiration, and vent pneumonia
260
what is the only post ROSC intervention demonstrated to improve neurologic recoveru?
TTM
261
are TTM and PCI at the same time safe?
yes feasible and safe
262
when should TTM be administered
comatose and unresponsive after ROSC
263
what is the goal temp for TTM
32-36 C for 24 hr
bleeding risk may not tolerate
seizures and cerebral edema have worse outcomes with higher temsp
264
what sites should be used for core temp measurement
esophageal
| bladder
265
earliest neurologic status check not treated with TTM
72 hr
266
earliest neurologic status check with TTM
72 hr after return of normothermia
267
methods of initiating TTM
rapid infusion of ice cold isotonic non glucose fluid (30mL/kg) =best for fast not for targeted temp
surface cooling devices
ice bags
268
spO2 after ROSC
titrate Fio2 to lowest level to maintain spo2 >94%
269
capnography after ROSC
ventilation 10breaths per min
| etCO2 35-40mmHg
270
cardiovascular care after ROSC
12 lead ECG ASAP
| consider coronary reperfusion therapy if stemi or AMI
271
goal BP after ROSC
MAP > 65
Sys P>90
hypotension treated with fluids or pressor
272
is TTM considered in conscious pts?
no
273
post ROSC lab and diagnositic tests
`look for electrolyte abnormalities
| look for pulm,cariac, or neurologic precipitants of arrest
274
prophylactic antiarrhythmic therapy after ROSC
following vtach/vfib
consider beta blockers
consider lidocaine
275
when can you consider terminating resuscitative efforts?
unable to get etCO2 >10mmHg after 20 min of CPR in intubated pts
DNAR order presented
dangerous environment
276
when should you consider prolonging resuscitative efforts? >20min
cause of cardiac arrest is reversible (hypotherm, drugs)
| ROSC at any time throughout attempt
277
why is resuscitation in hypothermic pts different?
may be unresponsive to drugs, defib and pacing (drugs could accumulate)
should concentrate on rewarming (extracorporeal circulation)
278
protocol for severe <30C hypothermic vfib/vtach
single defib then hold until >30C
279
protocol for moderate <34C hypothermic vfib/vtach
defib but wait longer intervals
280
when should termination of resuscutative efforts happen for hypothermic pts?
core temp is at least 30C before terminate
281
7 things you must say to do after ROSC
1- 12 lead EKG
2- consider hypothermia
3- maintain normal BP (1-2L crystalloid bolus)
4- frequent lab work
5- maintain spO2 94-99%
6- consider intubation and maintain etCo2
7- consider lidocaine or BB
282
bradycardia therapy
atropine
epi
dopamine
283
atropine dose
0.5mg every 3-5 min
| max 3mg
284
epi dose
2-10mcg/min
285
dopamine dose
2-20mcg/kg/min
286
SVT therapy
adenosine (slowing AV node)
sotalol (slowing AV node)
calcium channel blockers (")
287
adenosine dose
```
6mg bolus (N/S flush)
2 additional dose of 12mg
```
288
sotalol dose
100mg or 1.5mg/kg
289
when should sotalol be avoided?
QT syndrome
290
treatment for afib/aflutter
unstable synchronized cardioversion
| stable= consult
291
why would you use adenosine for afib/aflutter
when you need to slow the HR so you can diagnose the rhythm
292
when do you give epi
(vtach/vfib,PEA,asystole)
pulseless rhythms 1 mg every 3-5min
does not fix the problem, keeps alive so defib can fix
293
indications for amiodarone
monomorphic vtach (with or without a pulse) or vfib
294
when is amiodarone avoided?
pts with prolonged QT interval or torsades
295
amiodarone monomorphic vtach awake or still has pulse dose
150mg over 10min
296
amiodarone vfab/pulseless vtach dose
300mg bolus
| 150mg second dose
297
post resuscitation infusion dose amiodarone
1mg/min 1st 6 hr
0.5mg /min next 18 hr
loading dose of 150mg if not already given
298
when is procainamide used? dose?
vfib or monomorphic vtach
20-50mg/min until:
arrhythmia gone, hypotension ensues, or QRS duration decreases 50%
299
maintenance infusion procainamide
1-4mg/min
300
procainamide max dose
27mg/kg
301
when is procainamide avoided?
prolonged QT or CHF
302
when is magnesium indicated? dose
torsades
| 1-2g
303
steroids and arrest
use of methylprednisolone during arrest and
| hydrocortisone after ROSC has shown improved survival
