ACT 2: BLOOD Flashcards
(69 cards)
1
Q
Blood is a specialized ___________ essential for survival.
- consists of cells surrounded by a liquid extracellular matrix called ______
A
- connective tissue
- plasma
2
Q
BLOOD
Color:
- bright red = ________
- dark red = ________
pH Level: ____-____ (__________)
Viscosity: ___-___ thicker than water
Volume: ___-___
Temperature: ___°C (____°F)
A
Color:
- bright red = oxygenated blood
- dark red = deoxygenated blood
pH Level: 7.35–7.45 (slightly alkaline)
Viscosity: 4–5x thicker than water
Volume: 4.5–6 L
Temperature: 38°C (100.4°F)
3
Q
3 functions of blood
A
- Transport
- oxygen and carbon dioxide
- nutrients to cells
- hormones to target organs
- waste products - Regulation
- pH balance through buffers
- body temperature regulation - Protection
- clotting to prevent excessive blood loss
- white blood cells fight infections
- antibodies neutralize pathogens
4
Q
DID YOU KNOW?
- Your blood makes up about ___-___ of your total body weight.
- A single drop of blood contains around ______ red blood cells!
- Blood travels around _________ daily through your blood vessels.
- The body produces about ________ new red blood cells per second.
- Some people have rare blood types, such as “_______” (_____), which only about 50 people in the world are known to have.
A
- 7-8%
- 5 million
- 12,000 miles
- 2 million
- Golden Blood (Rh null)
5
Q
2 components of blood
- When centrifuged, cells sink to the bottom of the tube while the plasma forms a layer on top
A
- Blood plasma
- formed elements
6
Q
- a watery liquid extracellular matrix that contains dissolved substances
A
blood plasma
7
Q
cells and cell fragments
A
formed elements
8
Q
BODY WEIGHT
- WHOLE BLOOD = __%
- blood plasma = __%
— proteins = __%
a. _______ = __%
b. _______ = __%
c. _______ = __%
d. _______ = __%
— water = __%
— other solutes = __%
a. _______
b. _______
c. _______
d. _______
e. _______
- formed elements = __%
— platelets
— white blood cells
a. _______ = __%
b. _______ = __%
c. _______ = __%
d. _______ = __%
e. _______ = __%
— red blood cells
- OTHER FLUIDS AND TISSUES = 92%
A
- WHOLE BLOOD = 8%
- blood plasma = 55%
— proteins = 7%
a. albumins = 54%
b. globulins = 38%
c. fibrinogen = 7%
d. all others = 1%
— water = 91.5%
— other solutes = 1.5%
a. electrolytes
b. nutrients
c. gases
d. regulatory substances
e. waste products
- formed elements = 45%
— platelets (150,000 - 400,000)
— white blood cells (5,000 - 10,000)
a. neutrophils = 60-70%
b. lymphocytes = 20-25%
c. monocytes = 3-8%
d. eosinophils = 2-4%
e. basophils = 0.5-1.0%
— red blood cells (4.8-5.4 million)
9
Q
HEMOPOIETIC GROWTH FACTORS
A
- erythropoietin (EPO)
- thrombopoietin (TPO)
- cytokines
10
Q
- regulatory proteins that control the production, differentiation, and function of blood cells.
- They stimulate stem cell division and maturation in the red bone marrow
A
HEMOPOIETIC OR HEMATOPOIETIC GROWTH FACTORS
11
Q
Function:
- stimulates the production of red blood cells
Site of production:
- kidneys
Target Cells:
- __________ in the bone marrow
Clinical use:
- treats anemia, especially in kidney disease patients
A
- proerythroblasts
ERYTHROPOIETIN (EPO)
12
Q
Function:
- stimulates the formation of platelets
Site of Production:
- liver and kidneys
Target Cells:
- __________ in the bone marrow
Clinical Use:
- used in _________
A
- megakaryocytes
- thrombocytopenia
THROMBOPOIETIN (TPO)
13
Q
Function:
- stimulate the production and differentiation of white blood cells
Types:
1. _________:
2. _________:
3. _________:
4. _________:
Site of Production:
- bone marrow, macrophages, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells
Clinical Use:
- used to boost immune function in chemotherapy patients and in bone marrow transplants
A
CYTOKINES
14
Q
- biconcave disc shape
- anucleate (no nucleus)
- no mitochondria: relies on ____________ for ATP production
- 7-8 um in diameter
- composed of ________ and ________ that allow RBCs to squeeze through narrow capillaries
- RBCs cannot repair themselves, leading to a lifespan of -120 days
FUNCTIONS:
1. ________
2. ________
A
- anaerobic glycolysis
- spectrin and actin proteins
FUNCTIONS:
1. O2 and CO2 transport
2. pH regulation
ERYTHROCYTES OR RED BLOOD CELLS
15
Q
Steps:
- _______ in the spleen, liver, or red bone marrow phagocytize ruptured and worn-out red blood cells.
- The _____ & _____ portions of hemoglobin are split apart.
- Globin is broken down into __________, which can be reused to synthesize other proteins.
- Iron is removed from the _________ in the form of ____, which associates with the _______________, a transporter for Fe3+ in the bloodstream.
- In muscle fibers, liver cells, and macrophages of the spleen and liver, Fe3+ detaches from transferrin and attaches to an iron storage protein called _______ (_____).
- On release from a storage site or absorption from the gastrointestinal tract, Fe3+ reattaches to transferrin.
A
- Macrophages
- globin and heme
- amino acids
- heme portion; Fe3+, plasma protein transferrin
- ferritin (FER-i-tin)
16
Q
- The Fe3+–transferrin complex is then carried to red bone marrow, where RBC precursor cells take it up through __________ for use in ___________. _____ is needed for the heme portion of the hemoglobin molecule, and ________ are needed for the globin portion. ________ is also needed for the synthesis of hemoglobin.
- _________ in red bone marrow results in the production of red blood cells, which enter the circulation.
- When iron is removed from heme, the non-iron portion of heme is converted to _______, a green pigment, and then into _______, a yellow-orange pigment.
- _______ enters the blood and is transported to the liver.
- Within the liver, bilirubin is released by liver cells into bile, which passes into the small intestine and then into the large intestine.
- In the large intestine, bacteria convert bilirubin into ________.
- Some urobilinogen is absorbed back into the blood, converted to a yellow pigment called _________, and excreted in urine.
- Most urobilinogen is eliminated in feces in the form of a brown pigment called _______, which gives feces its characteristic color.
A
- receptor-mediated endocytosis; hemoglobin synthesis
- Iron; amino acids
- Vitamin B12
- Erythropoiesis
- biliverdin; bilirubin
- Bilirubin
- urobilinogen
- urobilin
- stercobilin
17
Q
Size: Larger than RBCs (~10-20 µm in diameter)
Nucleus: Present and varies in shape depending on the type
Cytoplasm: May contain granules in some types
Motility: Can move actively through tissues and blood vessels
Lifespan: Varies greatly (hours to years, depending on function)
A
WHITE BLOOD CELL OR LEUKOCYTES
18
Q
types of leukocytes
A
- neutrophil
- eosinophil
- basophil
- lymphocyte
- monocyte
19
Q
HIGH COUNT MAY INDICATE:
- bacterial infection
- burns
- stress
- inflammation
LOW COUNT MAY INDICATE:
- radiation exposure
- drug toxicity
- vitamin B12 deficiency
- systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
A
neutrophils
20
Q
HIGH COUNT MAY INDICATE:
- viral infections
- some leukemias
- infectious mononucleosis
LOW COUNT MAY INDICATE:
- prolonged illness
- HIV infection
- immunosuppression
- treatment with cortisol
A
lymphocytes
21
Q
HIGH COUNT MAY INDICATE:
- viral or fungal infections
- tuberculosis
- some leukemias
- other chronic diseases
LOW COUNT MAY INDICATE:
- bone marrow suppression
- treatment with cortisol
A
monocyte
22
Q
HIGH COUNT MAY INDICATE:
- allergic reactions
- parasitic infections
- autoimmune diseases
LOW COUNT MAY INDICATE:
- drug toxicity
- stress
- acute allergic reactions
A
eosinophils
23
Q
HIGH COUNT MAY INDICATE:
- allergic reactions
- leukemias
- cancers
- hypothyroidism
LOW COUNT MAY INDICATE:
- pregnancy
- ovulation
- stress
- hypothyroidism
A
basophils
24
Q
Size: 2-4 µm in diameter (smallest of the formed elements).
Shape: Irregular, disc-shaped fragments.
Color: Appear pale purple in stained blood smears.
Nucleus: No nucleus (cannot divide or repair themselves).
Lifespan: 8-10 days, then removed by the spleen.
Production: Derived from ________ in the red bone marrow.
A
- megakaryocytes
WHITE BLOOD CELLS OR THROMBOCYTES
25
HEMOSTATIC PATHWAY
STEP
1. Vascular Spasm
2. Platelet Plug Formation
3. Blood clotting
4. Fibrinolysis (not directly a part of the process)
26
trigger of hemostatic pathway
- injury or damage to blood vessel
27
- smooth muscle walls contract immediately
- reduced blood flow to the damaged area
vascular spasm
28
- activated platelets stick to injury site
- platelets become sticky and clump together to form a platelet plug
platelet plug formation
29
pro-aggregants
- thromboxane A2
- ADP
- serotonin
30
anti-aggregants (________)
endothelium derived
- prostacyclin
- cAMP
- PGE1
- Protein C and S
31
formed platelet plug (aka ___________ or ___________) is temporary or not stable (will disaggregate sometime after)
- white thrombus or primary hemostasis
32
RECEPTORS INVOLVED IN PLATELET AGGREGATION
- glycoprotein IIb/IIIa
- glycoprotein Ia/Ib
33
Role: interplatelet binding
Ligand: fibrinogen
glycoprotein IIb/IIIa
34
Role:
- adhesion of platelets to wall of blood vessels
Ligand:
- Von Willebrand Factor
glycoprotein Ia/Ib
35
MEDIATORS OF PLATELET AGGREGATION
- increases expression of GP receptors and fibrinogen bridging
- targets of antiplatelet agents
- TXA2
- ADP
- 5HT
36
- activates nearby platelet
- vasoconstrictor
TXA2
37
- activates nearby platelet
- makes other platelets in the area sticky
ADP
38
vasoconstrictor
5HT
39
- inhibited by anticoagulants
- complex cascade of enzymatic reactions in which each clotting factor activates many molecules of the next one in a fixed sequence
_________:
- product of the cascade
- stabilizes the clot
Roles:
✔ glues the platelets together
✔ forms a meshwork over the clot to attract other cells (RBC) to deposit into the platelet plug
blood clotting
40
- final product of the cascade is a permanent clot (_________ or _________)
- 6 to 12 hours from the initial injury for a permanent clot to be formed
red thrombus or secondary hemostasis
41
COAGULATION FACTORS and its dependency on vitamin K (I-V)
I. fibrinogen - no
II. prothrombin - yes
III. tissue thromboplastin - no
IV. calcium - no
V. proaccelerin - no
42
COAGULATION FACTORS and its dependency on vitamin K (VII-X)
VII. proconvertin - yes
VIII. antihemophilic factor - no
IX. plasma thromboplastin component - yes
X. stuart factor - yes
43
COAGULATION FACTORS and its dependency on vitamin K (XI-XIII)
- _____ and _____, which are endogenous anticoagulants that inactivate factors ___ and ___ and promote ________ are also dependent on vitamin K
XI. plasma thromboplastin antecedent - no
XII. hageman factor - no
XIII. fibrin stabilizing factor - no
- protein C & S
- Va and VIIIa
- fibrinolysis
44
- process of dissolving blood clots
- dissolves small, inappropriate clots at the site of damage once the damage is repaired
(not directly a part of the process)
_______ (____) --------------> _______
Process:
✔ thrombin activated factor ___, and ___ (_________)
fibrinolysis
- plasminogen (fibrinolysin)
------------>
- plasmin
- XII and t-PA (tissue plasminogen activator)
45
- dissolves clot by digesting fibrin threads
- inactivating substances such as fibrinogen, prothrombin, and factors V and XII
plasmin
46
hemostatic pathway summary
injury to blood vessel --->
(1) vasospasm [bleeding] --->
(2) platelet plug formation [platelet adherence & aggregation] --->
(3) fibrin clot formation [prothrombin, thrombin, fibrinogen, fibrin] --->
(4) fibrinolysis [plasminogen, plasmin, fibrin, split products]
47
BLOOD GROUPS
- ABO blood group
- Rh blood group
48
based on 2 glycolipid antigens called A and B
ABO blood group
49
blood type A
Red blood cells: A antigen
Plasma: anti-B antibody
50
blood type B
Red blood cells:
- B antigen
Plasma:
- anti-A antibody
51
blood type AB
Red blood cells:
- both A & B antigens
Plasma:
- neither antibody
52
blood type O
Red blood cells:
- neither A nor B antigen
Plasma:
- both anti A and B antibodies
53
characteristics of blood type interactions
1. agglutinogen (antigen) on RBCs
2. agglutinin (antibody) in plasma
3. compatible donor blood types (no hemolysis)
4. incompatible donor blood types (hemolysis)
54
agglutinogen (antigen) on RBCs
A: A
B: B
AB: both
O: neither A/B
55
agglutinin (antibody) in plasma
A: anti-B
B: anti-A
AB: neither anti A/B
O: both anti A/B
56
compatible donor blood types (no hemolysis)
A: A, O
B: B, O
AB: A, B, AB, O
O: O
57
incompatible donor blood types (hemolysis)
A: B, AB
B: A, AB
AB: ---
O: A, B, AB
58
- named after Rhesus monkey
- people whose RBCs have Rh antigens are designated ________; those who lack Rh antigens are designated Rh− (Rh negative).
- Normally, blood plasma does not contain __________. If an Rh− person receives an ___________, however, the immune system starts to make __________ that will remain in the blood.
- If a second transfusion of _______ is given later, the previously formed anti-Rh antibodies will cause ________ and ________ of the RBCs in the donated blood, and a severe reaction may occur
Rh blood group
- Rh+ (Rh positive)
- anti-Rh antibodies
- Rh+ blood transfusion
- anti-Rh antibodies
- Rh+ blood; agglutination & hemolysis
59
BLOOD DISORDERS
1. iron deficiency anemia
2. megaloblastic anemia
3. pernicious anemia
4. hemorrhagic anemia
5. hemolytic anemia
6. aplastic anemia
7. thalassemia
IMPHHAT
60
* inadequate iron intake
* malabsorption
* blood loss (menstruation, ulceration)
* increased requirement (pregnancy)
- microcytic
- hypochromic
iron-deficiency anemia
61
* inadequate intake of vitamin B12 (Cyanocobalamin) or vitamin B9 (folic acid) -- [strict vegetarians]
* malabsorption states
* anticancer therapy
- macrocytic
- normochromic
megaloblastic anemia
62
* inability to absorb vitamin b12 because the stomach is not able to produce ______ factor
- type of megaloblastic anemia
- used to denote when anemia is caused by the lack of intrinsic factor
pernicious anemia
63
* excessive loss of RBCs through bleeding resulting from large wounds
hemorrhagic anemia
64
* genetic abnormalities
* infection
* incompatible blood transfusions
- RBC plasma membranes rupture prematurely ---> released Hgb may damage the kidneys
hemolytic anemia
65
* destruction of red bone marrow (toxins, drugs, gamma radiation)
aplastic anemia
66
* genetic abnormalities where the body does not synthesize enough hemoglobin (RBCs are short-lived)
thalassemia
67
- RBC contain an abnormal type of hemoglobin
- genetic abnormality
- individual's produce ____, an abnormal type of Hemoglobin
- when Hb-S gives up oxygen to the interstitial fluid, it forms a long, stiff, rodlike structure = _______
- sickled RBCs rupture easily (lifespan __-__ days) ---> patients experience ______
- sickled cells do not move easily through blood vessels ---> clump & block blood flow ---> resulting to the deprivation of organs with oxygen ---> causes pain
SICKLE CELL DISEASE
- Hb-S
- sickle
- 10-20 days
- severe anemia
68
RESISTANCE TO MALARIA
- the gene responsible for _____ also allows ____________ to leak out ---> low levels of _____ inside cells kills malaria parasites
- sickling
- intracellular potassium
- potassium
SICKLE CELL DISEASE
69
- inherited deficiency of clotting
- royal disease
3 types
HEMOPHILIA
1. Hemophilia A/Classic hemophilia
- deficiency of clotting factor VIII
2. Hemophilia B/Christmas Disease
- deficiency of clotting factor IX
3. Hemophilia C
- deficiency of clotting factor XI
