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PHARMA 121L > UNIT 1 - HANDOUT > Flashcards

UNIT 1 - HANDOUT Flashcards

1
Q
  1. ________: study of body structures
  2. ________: the study of body functions
  3. ________: the study of disease states
A
  1. anatomy
  2. physiology
  3. pathophysiology
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2
Q

the condition of balance or equilibrium in the body’s internal environment due to the constant interaction of the body’s many regulatory processes

A

homeostasis

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3
Q

SUBSPECIALTIES OF ANATOMY

A
  1. embryology
  2. developmental biology
  3. cell biology
  4. surface anatomy
  5. histology
  6. gross anatomy
  7. systemic anatomy
  8. regional anatomy
  9. radiographic anatomy
  10. pathological anatomy
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4
Q

the first eight weeks of development following fertilization of an egg in humans

A

embryology

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5
Q

the complete development of an individual from fertilization of an egg to death

A

developmental biology

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6
Q

cellular structure and functions

A

cell biology

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7
Q

surface markings of the body to understand internal anatomy through visualization and palpation

A

surface anatomy

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8
Q

microscopic structure of tissues

A

histology

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9
Q

structures that can be examined without using a microscope

A

gross anatomy

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10
Q

structure of specific systems of the body such as the nervous or respiratory systems

A

systemic anatomy

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11
Q

specific regions of the body such as the head or chest

A

regional anatomy

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12
Q

body structures that can be visualized with x-rays

A

radiographic anatomy

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13
Q

structural changes (from gross to microscopic) associated with disease

A

pathological anatomy

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14
Q

SUBSPECIALITES OF PHYSIOLOGY

A
  1. neurophysiology
  2. endocrinology
  3. cardiovascular physiology
  4. immunology
  5. respiratory physiology
  6. renal physiology
  7. exercise physiology
  8. pathophysiology
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15
Q

functional properties of nerve cells

A

neurophysiology

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16
Q

hormones (chemical regulators in the blood) and how they control body functions

A

endocrinology

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17
Q

functions of the heart and blood vessels

A

cardiovascular physiology

18
Q

how the body defends itself against disease-causing agents

A

immunology

19
Q

functions of the air passageways and lungs

A

respiratory physiology

20
Q

functions of the kidneys

A

renal physiology

21
Q

changes in cell and organ functions as a result of muscular activity

A

exercise physiolgoy

22
Q

functional changes associated with disease and aging

A

pathophysiology

23
Q

LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION

A
  1. CHEMICAL LEVEL
    - atom
    - element
    - ion
    - molecule
    - compound
    - free radical
  2. CELLULAR LEVEL
  3. TISSUE LEVEL
    a. epithelial tissue
    (layers)
    - simple epithelium
    - pseudostratified epithelium
    - stratified epithelium
    (cell shapes)
    - squamous cells
    - cuboidal cells
    - columnar cells
    - transitional cells

b. connective tissue
- fibroblasts
- macrophages
- plasma cells
- mast cells
- adipocytes
- WBC’s
(extracellular matrix contents)
- ground substance
- fibers
(classification)
- embryonic connective tissue
- mature connective tissue

c. muscular tissue
d. nervous tissue

  1. organ level
  2. organ system level
  3. organism level
24
Q
  1. chemical level
A
  • atom
  • element
  • ion
  • molecule
  • compound
  • free radical
25
- smallest unit of matter made up of subatomic particles namely the proton, neutron and electron
atom
26
- made up of two atoms of the same kind - pure substances - ex: C, H, O, N, S, P, Na,
element
27
- charged particles
ion
28
- two or more atoms of the same or of different kinds that share electrons - ex: H2O, O2
molecule
29
- a substance that contains atoms of two or more different elements - ex: NaCl, H2O, but not O2 - joined by chemical bonds: ionic, covalent, hydrogen bond - may be formed by or are involved in chemical reactions: a. _________ (_______) b. _________ (_______) c. _________ d. _________ e. _________ - ex: INORGANIC (H2O, HCL, NH3, NaCl) - ORGANIC (carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, ATP)
compound a. Synthesis(anabolism) b. Decomposition (catabolism) c. Displacement d. Reversible e. Redox Reactions
30
- an atom or group of atoms with an unpaired electron in its outermost shell - these are very unstable, highly reactive and destructive and tend to break apart important body molecules - ex: superoxide free radical
free radical
31
- cells are the basic structural and functional units of an organism - ex:muscle cell, nerve cell, epithelial cell *review your cell anatomy, transport mechanisms, cell division*
2. cellular level
32
3. tissue level
A. EPITHELIAL TISSUE layers: - simple epithelium - pseudostratified epithelium - stratified epithelium shapes: - squamous cells - cuboidal cells - columnar cells - transitional cells B. CONNECTIVE TISSUE cells: - fibroblasts - macrophages - plasma cells - mast cells - adipocytes - WBC's extracellular matrix contents: - ground substance - fibers classification: -- embryonic connective tissue a. mesenchyme b. mucuous CT -- mature connective tissue a. loose connective tissue b. dense connective tissue c. cartilage d. bone tissue e. liquid connective tissue C. MUSCULAR TISSUE D. NERVOUS TISSUE
33
- tissues are groups of cells and materials surrounding them that work together to perform a particular function
3. tissue level
34
- covers body surfaces and line hollow organs, body cavities and ducts, forms glands Functions: selective barriers, secretory surfaces, protective surface Arrangement in Layers: 1. _________: single layer 2. _________: simple epithelium that appears to be composed of multiple layers 3. _________: two or more layers Cell Shapes: 1. _________: thin and flat 2. _________: tall as they are wide 3. _________: much taller than wide 4. _________: can change shape
EPITHELIAL TISSUE Arrangement in Layers: 1. Simple Epithelium 2. Pseudostratified Epithelium 3. Stratified Epithelium Cell Shapes: 1. Squamous cells 2. Cuboidal cells 3. Columnar cells 4. Transitional cells
35
- for protecting and supporting the body and its organs, store energy as fat and help provide body with immunity - arise from mesenchymal cells → “-blasts” → “cyte” - composed of cells and extracellular matrix
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
36
Connective Tissue Cells: 1. _________: large, flat cells with branches, present in all connective tissues 2. _________: irregular shape with short branches, phagocytize bacteria and cellular debris, develop from monocytes 3. _________: secrete antibodies, develop from B lymphocyte 4. _________: produce histamine, kills bacteria 3. _________: fat cells 4. _________: migrate from blood vessels during an infection, parasitic invasion or allergic
Connective Tissue Cells: 1. Fibroblasts 2. Macrophages 3. Plasma Cells 4. Mast cells 3. Adipocytes 4. WBC’s
37
Extracellular Matrix Contents: 1. _________ – may be fluid, semifluid, gelatinous or calcified 2. _________– may be collagen fibers, elastic fibers or reticular fibers Classification of Connective Tissues A. ______________________ 1. _________ 2. _________ B. ______________________ 1. ______________ 2. ______________ 3. ______________ 4. ______________ 5. ______________
Extracellular Matrix Contents: 1. Ground Substance 2. Fibers Classification of Connective Tissues A. Embryonic Connective Tissue 1. Mesenchyme 2. Mucous CT B. Mature Connective Tissue 1. Loose Connective Tissue 2. Dense Connective Tissue 3. Cartilage 4. Bone Tissue 5. Liquid connective Tissue
38
- ____________: composed of cells for contraction and generation of force, generate heat - ____________: detects changes in and out of the body by generating action potentials MEMBRANES: 1. ______________ - ______ - ______ - ______ 2. ______________
- muscular tissue - nervous tissue MEMBRANES: 1. Epithelial Membranes - mucous membranes - serous membranes - cutaneous membranes 2. Synovial Membranes
39
- organs are made up of two or more types of tissues joined together - usually have recognizable shapes - brain, stomach, bones, heart, skin
4. organ level
40
- composed of related organs that perform a common function
5. organ system level
41
- any living individual where all parts of the body are functioning together
6. organism level

PHARMA 121L (9 decks)

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