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Immuno Exam 2 > Active Immunization > Flashcards

Active Immunization Flashcards

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1
Q

Immunoprophylaxis

A

active immunization (administration of vaccines that induce an immune espouse)

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2
Q

Ideal vaccine is

A

cheap, stable, prolonged immunity, no adverse effects, effective with 1 administration, immune response different than natural infection

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3
Q

Herd immunity

A

large enough number of individual vaccinated in a population to prevent the transmission of infectious diseases

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4
Q

The percentage of people in the population that must be immune to maintain herd immunity is dependent on

A

the attack rate of the infectious agent

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5
Q

Attack rate

A

number of infected individuals compared to the number of total exposed

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6
Q

killed/inactive whole organism vaccines

A

Infectious pathogen is inactivated by physical or chemical methods, the pathogen is no longer viable and can no longer replicate

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7
Q

killed/inactive whole organism vaccine examples:

A

influenza, pertussis, rabies, hepatitis A, intramuscular poliovirus, anthrax

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8
Q

What pathway primarily processes killed/inactive whole organism vaccines?

A

exogenous antigen processing pathway and induces primarily a Th2 (antibody-predominant) response

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9
Q

The major downfall to killed/inactive whole organism vaccines?

A

weak responses since organisms do not replicate, therefore multiple doses are required

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10
Q

Live attenuated vaccine

A

live organism that can replicate but has lost its virulence factor

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11
Q

What pathway primarily processes live attenuated vaccines?

A

Endogenous and exogenous pathways for the production of antibody and cell-mediated immune responses

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12
Q

Since the organism can replicate

A

fewer “booster” shots are needed

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13
Q

The major downfall to live attenuated vaccines?

A

they are unstable and may revert back to a virulent form, especially if administered to an immunocompromised individual

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14
Q

Examples of attenuated vaccines:

A

MMR, chickenpox, rotavirus, TB, adenovirus, vaccinia, yellow fever, influenza

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15
Q

Purified macromolecule vaccines

A

purified macromolecules from the pathogen, particularly those providing the main virulence factor to the organism

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16
Q

What pathway primarily processes purified macromolecule vaccines?

A

exogenous antigen processing pathway and induces primarily a Th2 (antibody-predominant) response and require boosters

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17
Q

What type of macromolecules are used?

A

toxins, polysaccharides, subviron particles, recombinant vaccines

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18
Q

Purified macromolecule vaccines (toxin)

A

if the organisms main virulence is toxin, the toxins purified and inactivated - eliminates toxicity and maintains immunogenicity

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19
Q

Examples of purified macromolecule vaccines (toxin)

A

tetanus, diptheria, botulism

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20
Q

Purified macromolecule vaccines (polysaccharides)

A

capsular polysaccharides are type II T-independent antigens, short-lived immunity, IgM only, ineffective in children under 2

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21
Q

Examples of purified macromolecule vaccines (polysaccharides)

A

meningococccal, pneumococcal, influenza type B

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22
Q

Purified macromolecule vaccines (subviron)

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A

particles that are exposed when organism is treated with lipid solvents to remove envelope

23
Q

Purified macromolecule vaccines - Recombinant vaccines

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A

genes encoding immunogenic antigens are inserted into (yeast, bacteria) organisms, grown up, and purified

24
Q

Examples of Purified macromolecule vaccines - Recombinant vaccines

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A

Hep B, HPV, Lyme disease

25
Recombinant vector vaccine
genes encoding for an antigen are cloned into an avirulent or attenuated virus or bacteria; they replicate and produce the antigen, but are avirulent
26
What pathway primarily processes recombinant vector vaccines?
endogenous and exogenous pathways (antibody and cell-mediated), major downfall like live vaccines is that they may become virulent
27
Injection of naked DNA
DNA encodes a promoter and antigenic sequence. Once in cells DNA is expressed and the antigenic peptides are targeted for exogenous and endogenous destruction
28
Monovalent vs Multivalent vaccines
describes the number of species or strains OR number of different components (subunits)
29
Hepatits B vaccine (valency)
single recombinantly produced Ag - univalent
30
MMR vaccine (valency)
trivalent
31
Acellular pertussis vaccine (valency)
subunit with 4 purified antigenic components - quadrivalent
32
Pneumococcal (valency)
23-valent
33
Gardasil (HPV) vaccine (valency)
quadrivalent (HPV-16, -18, -6, -11)
34
Agents used to killed and toxoid vaccines
Formalin/formaldehyde, gluteraldehyde, beta-propiolactone, physical inactivation
35
Formalin/formaldehyde and gluteraldehyde fixed vaccines
cross-links a.a.s or proteins and conserves basic structure, but may destroy antigenic integrity
36
Adverse effects of using formalin/formaldehyde and gluteraldehyde
hypersensitivity response, exacerbated hand eczema, potential carcinogenicity (not shown experimentally)
37
Beta-propiolactone fixed vaccines
cross-links nucleic acid chains and kills without affecting antigenic structure
38
physical inactivation of fixed vaccines
UV light, heat, irradiation
39
Producing a live vaccine
tissue culture, animal passage, induced mutations (heat-sensitivity)
40
Subunit/component vaccine
purified subunits of organism without hyper sensitizing agents
41
Adjuvants
chemical agents used in vaccines to enhance the normal immune response, prevent dispersion of antigen and form a depot of antigen at the injection site
42
Adjuvants approved for vaccines
alum, AS04
43
Neomycin may be present in vaccines
to prevent bacterial growth during the vaccine production process; antibiotic binds 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. May cause hypersensitivities topically, but not shown with injection
44
2-Phenoxyethanol may be present in vaccines
preservative and is effective against a broad spectrum of microorganisms that contaminate vaccines
45
Thimerosal may be present in vaccines
composed of organic mercury and thiosalicylate; preservative, potential for hypersensitivity, many concerns of mercury poisoning and links to autism have not been confirmed, allergies is common but not in vaccine
46
Contraindications to immunizations
immunocompromised (live vaccines), allergy to vaccine components, pregnancy (live vaccines) - nonviable during 2-3trimesters is ok, infections/diseases, recent globulin administration, immunosuppressive therapy
47
pertussis paradigm
whole cell pertussis vaccine causes 2 deaths in Japan, over the next 4 years 13,000 people died from pertussis
48
BCG (TB vaccine) doesn't cause disease because
it isn't a human pathogen strain and it is attenuated in culture
49
Recommended vaccines for newborns?
Hepatitis B
50
Recommended vaccines for infants?
Rotavirus, Diptheria, pertussis, tetanus (DTaP), Hib, pneumococcal conjugate, poliovirus
51
Recommended vaccines for 1 year olds?
MMR, Varicella, hepatitis A, yearly flu shot,
52
Recommended vaccines for 11-12 year olds?
HPV, pneumococcal polysaccharide, meningococcal
53
Recommended vaccines for adults?
zoster, flu, Tdap every 10 years, HPV booster, varicella booster, MMR, meningococcal, Hep A and B, Hib, pneuomococcal

Immuno Exam 2 (6 decks)

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