Acute and Chronic Inflammation

Question 1

epyema

Answer 1

purulent exudate in the pleural space

Question 2

abscess

Answer 2

localized collection of neutrophils

Question 3

serous effusion

Answer 3

a watery -appearing transudate that resembles an ultra-filtrate of blood plasma

Question 4

TGT-B

Answer 4

formed by macrophages to promote fibrosis

Question 5

bradykinin

Answer 5

released in acute inflammation, associated increased vascular permeability and pain

Question 6

myeloperoxidase

Answer 6

converts H2)2 into HoCL- a powerful oxidant stored in azurophilic neutrophil granules

Question 7

chronic granulomatous disease

Answer 7

inherited defected in NADPH oxidase that leads to less O2-

Question 8

leukocyte adhesion deficiency type 1

Answer 8

lack of beta chain of integrins

Question 9

TXA2

Answer 9

produced by COX to promote platelet aggregation and vasoconstriction

Question 10

PGI2

Answer 10

produced by COX to promote vasodilation and inhibit platelet aggregation

Question 11

PGe

Answer 11

produced by COX to promote vasodilation, fever, and other effects

Question 12

NSAIDS

Answer 12

inhibit prostaglandin production

Question 13

asthma

Answer 13

mediated by leukotriene production

Question 14

LTB4

Answer 14

produced by lipoxygenase to promote vascular permeability and leukocyte chemotaxis

Question 15

LTC, D, E

Answer 15

producedy by lipoxygenase to promoted bronchoconstriction, vasoconstriction, and smooth muscle contraction

Question 16

anexin 1

Answer 16

induced by glucocorticoids to prevent arachidonic acid production

Question 17

easy bruisability

Answer 17

leukopenia

Question 18

Chédiak-Higashi syndrome

Answer 18

Decreased leukocyte functions because of mutations affecting protein involved in lysosomal membrane traffic

Question 19

serous inflammation

Answer 19

Serous inflammation is marked by the outpouring of a thin fluid that may be derived from the plasma or from the secretions of mesothelial cells lining the peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial cavities.

ex. effusion, skin blister resulting from a burn or viral infection

Question 20

fibrinous exudate

Answer 20

A fibrinous exudate develops when the vascular leaks are large or there is a local procoagulant stimulus (e.g., cancer cells). A fibrinous exudate is characteristic of inflammation in the lining of body cavities, such as the meninges, pericardium (Fig. 2-19A) and pleura.

Question 21

ulcer

Answer 21

An ulcer is a local defect, or excavation, of the surface of an organ or tissue that is produced by the sloughing (shedding) of inflamed necrotic tissue

Question 22

abscess

Answer 22

localized collections of purulent inflammatory tissue caused by suppuration buried in a tissue, an organ, or a confined space.

Question 23

purulent inflammation

Answer 23

This type of inflammation is characterized by the production of large amounts of pus or purulent exudate consisting of neutrophils, liquefactive necrosis, and edema fluid

Question 24

chronic inflammation

Answer 24

1. infiltration with mononuclear cells
2. tissue destruction by a persistent offending agent
3. angiogenesis and fibrosis

Question 25

granulomatous inflammation

Answer 25

a granuloma is a cellular attempt to contain an offending agent that is difficult to eradicate. Ex. TB

Question 26

TNF

Answer 26

an acute phase cytokine produced by macrophages and monocytes

Question 27

IL-1

Answer 27

produced by phagocytic cells to induce fever (pyrogen) and to attract T lympohcytes

Question 28

phosphlipase C

Answer 28

catalyzes release of archidonic acid

Question 29

acute phase reactants

Answer 29

C-reactive, protein, fibrinogen, and serum amyloid

Question 30

ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation rate)

Answer 30

a non-specific indicator of inflammation because acute phase reactants can cause rouleaux formation in RBCs

Question 31

interferon gamma

Answer 31

secreted by lymphocytes to stimulate monocytes and macrophages

Question 32

Nitroblue tetrazolium test

Answer 32

tests for chronic granulomatous disease (NADPH oxidase) | O2-> O2-

Question 33

myeloperoxidase deficiency

Answer 33

negative NBT test | increased risk for candida infection

Question 34

IL-10

Answer 34

anti-inflammatory secretion of macrophage

Question 35

IL-8

Answer 35

pro inflammatory secretion of macrophages during acute inflammation

Question 36

Is a continued inflammation always chronic?

Answer 36

no- neutrophilic response can be sustained by IL-8 from macrophages

Question 37

TLRs

Answer 37

receptors on innate immune cells (macrophages, dendritic cells) that recognize PAMPs

Question 38

CD14

Answer 38

on macrophages recognizes LPS on outer membrane of bacteria

Question 39

NF-kB

Answer 39

leads to production of multiple mediators

Question 40

Prostaglandins

Answer 40

PGI2, PGD2, PGE2 mediate vasodilation and increased vascular permeability

Question 41

PGE2

Answer 41

fever, pain, and vasodilation

Question 42

increased vascular permeability

Answer 42

post-capillary venule

Question 43

PGE2

Answer 43

mediates fEver and pain

Question 44

LTB4

Answer 44

attracts and activate neutrophlis

Question 45

activators of neutrophils (4)

Answer 45

1. LTB4 2. IL8 3. C5a or C3a 4. bacterial products

Question 46

activation of mast cells (3)

Answer 46

1. tissue trauma 2. C3a and C5a 3. cross linking of IgE by antigen

Question 47

What is the major product of the second phase of mast cell response?

Answer 47

leukotrienes

Question 48

GM makes Classic Cars

Answer 48

IgG and IgM activate the classical complement pathway

Question 49

Hageman factor

Answer 49

inactive proinflammatory protein produced in the liver, activated upon exposure to subendothelial or tissue collagen

Question 50

Kinin System

Answer 50

?

Question 51

rubor

Answer 51

due to vasodilation at the ateriolar smooth muscle due to histamine, PGs, and bradykinins

Question 52

Warmth

Answer 52

due to vasodilation at the ateriolar smooth muscle due to histamine, PGs, and bradykinins

Question 53

Tumor

Answer 53

leakge from postcapillary venules into interstitial space due to histamine, tissue damage

Question 54

Fever (mechanism)

Answer 54

macrophages release pyrogens (IL-1 and TNF), increase COX activity perivascular cells of hypothalamus and PGE raises set point

Question 55

P-selectin

Answer 55

weibel-palade bodies, mediated by histamine

Question 56

E-selectin

Answer 56

induced by TNF and IL-1

Question 57

Siayl Lewis X

Answer 57

a molecules on leukocytes that results in rolling

Question 58

integrins

Answer 58

upregulated on leukocytes by C5a and LTB4

Question 59

leukocyte adhesion deficiency

Answer 59

autosomal recessive defect of integrins (CD18 subunit) delayed separation of umbilical chord increased circulating neutrophils (50% in lung's marginated pool) recurrent bacterial infection that lacks pus formation

Question 60

Chediak Higashi syndrome

Answer 60

microtubule defect increased risk of pyogenic infections (phagocytosis) neutropenia/ giant granules in leukocytes *albinism: faulty transfer of melanin from melanocyte to keratinocytes peripheral neuropathy

Question 61

Rule of 8

Answer 61

CD4 * MHC II= 8 | CD8 * MHCI I= 8

Question 62

B7 is on

Answer 62

APCs

Question 63

CD28 is on

Answer 63

CD4 T cells

Question 64

Th1 cytokines

Answer 64

IL-2 activates CD8 T cells IFN-gamma (macrophage activator)

Question 65

Th2 cytokines

Answer 65

Il4- IgI Il-5: eosinophil chemotaxis, activation, maturation of B cells to plasma cells IL-10 (inhibits Th1 phenotype)

Question 66

caspase activation

Answer 66

intrinsic mitochondria Fas Ligand cytotoxic granzyme

Question 67

B-cell activation (2)

Answer 67

1. presentation to CD4 helper cells via MHC II | 2. CD40 receptor on B cell binds CD40L on helpter T cells providing 2nd activationsignal

Question 68

what is the characteristic cell of a granuloma?

Answer 68

epithelioid histiocytes, macrophages with abundant pink cytoplasm