Acute Inflammation

Question 1

list the five cardinal signs of inflammation

Answer 1

1. redness
2. swelling
3. heat
4. pain
5. loss of function

Question 2

what is acute inflammation dominated by?

Answer 2

neutrophils

Question 3

define suppurative

Answer 3

pus

Question 4

define purulent

Answer 4

pus

Question 5

define fibrino

Answer 5

lots of fibrin

Question 6

fill out the chart regarding acute inflammation

Answer 6

Question 7

is fibrinous acute or chronic?

Answer 7

ACUTE

Question 8

is fibrous acute or chronic?

Answer 8

CHRONIC

Question 9

what is the goal of acute inflammation?

Answer 9

dilute toxins, isolate, eliminate, repair

Question 10

list the three things inflammation can act as.

Answer 10

1. primary mechanism of pathologic change
2. secondary contributor and propagator of disease
3. precursor to chronic inflammation/fibrosis

Question 11

how does the body know there’s an injury? (exogenously vs endogenously)

Answer 11

exogenous - microbes, foreign body, injury
endogenous - autoreactive, hypersensitivity reactions

activation of innate immune system

Question 12

list the main mediators of acute inflammation

Answer 12

PGE2, complement, cytokines IL-1, IL-6, TNF

Question 13

function of IL-8?

Answer 13

activates neutrophils

Question 14

list the fever cytokines

Answer 14

IL-1, TNF, IL-6

PGE2

Question 15

list/describe the phases of acute inflammation

Answer 15

1. Fluidic (exudative) - inc blood flow from histamine, leaky vessels/permeability inc, emigration of leukocytes
2. cellular - deliver leukocytes to injury, leukocyte adhesion cascade
3. reparative phase - resolution, healing via fibrosis, abscess formation, chronic inflammation

Question 16

generally describe leukocyte adhesion cascade

Answer 16

margination > rolling > adhesion > diapedesis (migration) > chemotaxis (neutrophil activation)

Question 17

How does the following drugs affect acute inflammation?

steroid, COX 1 and 2 inhibitors, and leukotrine receptors antagonists

Answer 17

steroids - inhibits phospholipases > arachidonic acid cannot be made

COX 1 and 2 inhibitors - inhibit COX > not prostaglandin synthesis > no vasodilation or inc vascular permeability

leukotrine receptors antagonists - leukotrine B4 cannot bind > no bronchospasm or inc vascular permeability

Question 18

list the outcomes/goals of the complement cascades

Answer 18

formation of C5a and C3a - attract leukocytes for inflammation
formation of C3b - opsonizes pathogen, induce phagocytosis
formation of membrane attack complex (MAC) - creates pore in microbial surface

Question 19

list the important acute phase proteins

Answer 19

Question 20

list the “positive” APP. what do they mean?

Answer 20

c-reactive protein
serum amyloid A
mannose-binding protein
fibrinogen
*increase in inflammation

Question 21

list the “negative” APP. what do they mean?

Answer 21

albumin
*decrease in inflammation

Question 22

define pyrexia

Answer 22

fever

*hyperthermia does NOT equal pyrexia

Question 23

what prostaglandin is a driver of fever and when reduced can reduce fever?

Answer 23

PGE2

Question 24

define edema

Answer 24

excess fluid in tissues

Question 25

define effusion

Answer 25

vascular leakage aka when fluid leaks into body cavities and NOT tissues

Question 26

ID the pathology

Answer 26

pleural effusion

Question 27

define transudate/serous exudate

Answer 27

clear watery fluid low concentration of plasma protein or leukocytes > injury is rather mild or peracute histology - affected tissues spread apart by watery fluid

Question 28

define exudate

Answer 28

extravascular fluid rich in protein/cells cloudy

Question 29

transudate or exudate?

Answer 29

transudate

Question 30

ID transudate vs exudate.

Answer 30

exudate - hemorrhagic

Question 31

ID pathology

Answer 31

serosanguinous effusion aka exudate

Question 32

ID pathology

Answer 32

pyothorax

Question 33

ID pathology

Answer 33

Question 34

define chylous ascites

Answer 34

milky fluid in peritoneal cavity due to blockage of lymphatic drainage

Question 35

list type I hypersensitivity pathologic lesions

Answer 35

vascular dilation edema smooth muscle spasm mucus production inflammation

Question 36

what is the type I hypersensitivity immune component

Answer 36

IgE > mast cell release vasodilators

Question 37

list type II hypersensitivity pathologic lesions

Answer 37

cell lysis inflammation

Question 38

what are the type II hypersensitivity immune component

Answer 38

IgG and IgM > activate complement

Question 39

list type III hypersensitivity pathologic lesions

Answer 39

necrotizing vasculitis (fibrinoid necrosis) inflammation

Question 40

what are the type III hypersensitivity immune component

Answer 40

IgG and IgM

Question 41

list the type IV hypersensitivity pathologic lesions

Answer 41

perivascular cell infiltrates edema cell destruction granuloma formation

Question 42

what is the type IV sensitivity immune component

Answer 42

T lymphocyte mediated

Question 43

what are examples of type 4 hypersensitivity diseases?

Answer 43

contact dermatitis, transplant rejections, tuberculosis, chronic allergic diseases, Johne's disease (granulomatous enteritis)

Question 44

define immunodeficiency disease

Answer 44

failure of immune system to protect host

Question 45

primary vs secondary immunodeficiency

Answer 45

primary - congenital or genetic defect in immune system secondary - immune system weakened by external factors