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Cell Injury Flashcards

(68 cards)

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1
Q

necrosis is ___ injury

A

unselective
irreversible

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2
Q

apoptosis is ___ injury

A

selective
irreversible

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3
Q

hepatic lipidosis is ___ injury

A

reversible

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4
Q

what are the 4 main categories of cell injury causes?

A

deficiency of critical material
lack of cellular energy production
accumulation of abnormal substances
physical injury

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5
Q

List the reversible and irreversible ischemic cell injury

A

reversible - mitochondrial damage
irreversible - membrane damage

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6
Q

define ischemia

A

inadequate blood supply to an organ or part of body

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7
Q

list the physical signs of reversible cell injury

A

cell swell
ER swell
loss of microvilli
membrane blebs
clumped chromatin
lipid accumulation
myelin figures

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8
Q

list the physical signs of irreversible cell injury

A

cell membrane damage, rupture

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9
Q

list the physical signs of cell death

A

pyknosis
karyorrhexis
karyolysis
absence of nuclei
cytoplasmic eosinophilia

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10
Q

describe the pathogenesis of cell injury due to oxygen deprivation

A

hypoxia > aerobic cell metabolism stops (decreased oxidative phosphorylation) > decreased ATP production

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11
Q

describe pathogenesis if no oxygen appears to reverse the hypoxic injury due to oxygen deprivation

A

switch to anaerobic metabolism > intracellular acidosis > lose ribosomes due to swollen ER > cell membrane defects, lysosome rupture > release RNA/DNA > membrane rupture > cell death and rupture

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12
Q

what happens if there’s a LARGE number of cell deaths?

A

gap is replaced with fibrous CT

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13
Q

what pathology is shown in this image?

A

renal infarct

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14
Q

define infarct

A

small area of dead tissue due to failure of blood supply

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15
Q

define hydropic degeneration

reversible or irreversible?

A

water movement into cells (swelling)
reversible

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16
Q

describe the pathogenesis of hydropic degeneration

A

injury(hypoxia) > mitochondria activity decreased > cell membrane damaged > interfered ion channels of membranes > NaK ion pump equilibrium dec > Na level increase in cytoplasm > H20 accumulated > mitochondria and ER swelling > hydropic degeneration

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17
Q

what type of hydropic degeneration is caused by parapoxvirus?

A

Ballooning degeneration

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18
Q

what type of cell injury is caused in this image of muscoa?

A

Hydropic degneration

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19
Q

what is this an example of in the mucosa of a cow tongue? (black circles and arrow)

A

circles - ballooning degeneration
arrow - viral inclusion bodies

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20
Q

define hepatic lipidosis

A

“fatty change”
intracellular accumulation of fatty acids within cytoplasm of hepatocytes

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21
Q

what are the possible mechanisms that can result in lipid accumulation?

A
  1. excessive delivery of FFA from fat stores or diet
  2. dec oxidation or use of FFA
  3. impaired synthesis of apoprotein
  4. impaired combination of protein and triglycerides to form lipoproteins
  5. impaired release of lipoproteins from hepatocytes

just one step needs to go wrong for hepatic lipidosis

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22
Q

what cell injury does this liver have?

A

hepatic lipidosis
note nucleus pushed to side unlike hydropic degeneration

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23
Q

what organ is this? describe the abnormality

A

liver
pale/yellow, swollen, friable, greasy

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24
Q

what diseases are associated with lipid accumulation in the liver?

A

-ketosis and pregnancy toxemia
-inappetence and anorexia
-high fat diets and obesity, hepatotoxins, hypoxia, DM, and hypothyroidism

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25
difference between gross texture/color of lipid vs glycogen hepatocyte accumulation
lipid - pale yellow, friable glycogen - pale tan/white, firm
26
list some disorders associated with lipid hepatocyte accumulation
ketosis pregnancy toxemia high fat diet obesity hepatotoxins hypoxia diabetes mellitus hypothyroidism
27
list some disorders associated with glycogen hepatocyte accumulation
excess glucocorticoids diabetes mellitus young animals
28
describe positioning of nuclei in lipid hepatocyte accumulation histology
nuclei pushed to periphery
29
describe vacuole shape/border in lipid hepatocyyte accumulation
distinct borders
30
describe positioning of nuclei in glycogen hepatocyte accumulation histology
nuclei stay central
31
describe vacuole shape/border in glycogen hepatocyte accumulation
margins are irregular or indistinct
32
ID what is accumulated in the section circled of the liver
glycogen
33
what pathology is shown in this liver?
glycogen accumulation - hepatocellular vacuolation
34
ID what is accumulated in each liver section
left - fat right - glycogen
35
what disease is shown in this image of a dog brain?
lysosomal storage disease lysosome can't digest proteins
36
define pyknosis
irreversible condensation of chromatin in nucleus of cell
37
define karyorrhexis
fragmentation of nucleus
38
define karyolysis
nucleus is pale, dissolution of nucleus
39
when is the nucleus absent in cellular necrosis
later stage of karyolysis
40
Name the cell stage of cellular necrosis and describe the nucleus
41
Match each number to its terms terms - pyknosis, karyorrhexis, and karyolysis
1 - pyknosis 2 - karyorrhexis 3 - karyolysis
42
which of the following describes necrosis and which describes apoptosis?
43
Describe the pathogenesis of mitochondrial (intrinsic) apoptosis
cell injury > BCL2 family sensors > BCL2 family effectors (BAX, BAK) > mitochondria > cytochrome C > initiator caspase-9 > executioner capases > endonuclease activation/breakdown of cytoskeleton > cytoplasmic bleb > apoptotic body > phagocyte ingests apoptotic body
44
Describe the pathogenesis of the death receptor (extrinsic) pathway
receptor-ligand interaction > adaptor proteins > initiator caspase-8 > executioner capases > endonuclease activation/breakdown of cytoskeleton > cytoplasmic bleb > apoptotic body > phagocyte ingests apoptotic body
45
what are the pro-apoptotic of BCL2 family effectors?
BAX, BAK
46
what are the executioner capases?
capases 3,6,7,12
47
Is this necrosis or apoptosis? How can you tell?
apoptosis fragmented cell and no inflammation cell shrinkage, chromatic condensation
48
What does increased eosinophilia indicate? what does it look like?
necrosis - RNA degrading looks pink/red
49
what are the anti-apoptotic of BCL2 family?
BCL2, BCL-XL
50
what are the key morphologic features of necrosis on HE stain?
increased eosinophilia, glassy appearance, cytoplasmic vacuolation, karyolysis, ghost cells
51
what is the red indicating on the image? what is the arrow showing (within the nucleus)?
red - hypereosinophilia arrow - viral inclusion body
52
Given the right image is normal what is happening on the left image?
necrosis
53
define coagulative necrosis
denaturation with dense/rigid texture to dead cells maintains shape
54
define liquefactive necrosis
process of complete enzymatic digestion of cells, usually in brain, squishy
55
define caseous necrosis
cheesy, coagulative, granulomatous reaction
56
define fat necrosis
saponification fatty acids mixed with calcium, chalky white
57
define gangrenous necrosis
necrosis due to ischemia of distal extremities
58
what type of necrosis is this?
coagulative maintains shape, myofibers fragmented, nuclei lost
59
what type of necrosis is this?
coagulative necrosis, renal papillary necrosis
60
what is the pathogenesis of renal papillary necrosis?
inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis by NSAIDs by inhibition of COX1 and COX2 > predisposes kidney to renal hypoperfusion > ischemia > papillary necrosis *prostaglandins are primary vasodilators in kidney*
61
what type of necrosis is this?
suppurative necrosis - type of liquefactive necrosis
62
Define infaraction
obstruction of blood supply to organ or tissue causing local death of tissue
63
what type of necrosis is this?
Liquefactive necrosis
64
what type of necrosis is this?
Caseous necrosis
65
which two types of necrosis is caseous necrosis a combination of?
coagulative and liquefactive
66
what type of necrosis is this?
fat necrosis
67
what type of necrosis is this?
gangrene/gangrenous necrosis
68
what is wet gangrene?
combination of coagulative necrosis from loss of blood supply with a liquefactive component due to superimposed infection

Pathology (12 decks)

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