acute inflammation

Question 1

what is acute inflammation?

Answer 1

response of living tissue to infection/damage

Question 2

how long does acute inflammation take to develop and how long does it last?

Answer 2

develops quickly (min-hours) lasts few hours/days

Question 3

what are the 3 main interlinked processes pf acute inflammation?

Answer 3

• vascular dilation (change in BV calibre/diameter)
• increased vascular permeability
• neutrophil activation migration

Question 4

what may cause acute inflammation?

Answer 4

• microbial infection
• physical agent (trauma, UV, heat, cold)
• irritant & corrosive chemicals (acids, alkalis)
• tissue necrosis (lack oxygen or nutrients due to inadequate blood flow)

Question 5

what are the 5 cardinal signs of inflammation?

Answer 5

rubor - redness (dilation of BVs)
calor - heat (increased blood flow)
tumor - swelling (accumulation fluid)
dolor - pain (stretching of tissues due to oedema)
functio laesa - loss of function

Question 6

what is hyperaemia?

Answer 6

increased blood flow

Question 7

what is oedema?

Answer 7

swelling

Question 8

during acute inflammation, vessels are said to become exudate, what does this mean?

Answer 8

they become leaky and allow passage of water, salts and proteins

Question 9

increased blood flow during acute inflammation increases the flow of what to the area of inflammation?

Answer 9

cells, fluid, salt, glucose, oxygen,complement proteins, antibodies, fibrin

Question 10

name the 5 chemical mediators of blood vessel change during acute inflammation ?

Answer 10

• histamine
• bradykinin (similar to histamine)
• leukotrines
• serotonin
• prostoglandins

Question 11

name the 2 protein mediators of blood vessel change during acute inflammation?

Answer 11

• cytokines

- chemokines

Question 12

histamine is the product of what?

Answer 12

breakdown of amino acid histadine

Question 13

where is histamine stored?

Answer 13

in granules of immune cells such as mast cells

Question 14

degranulation of mast cells releases histamine, what stimulates degranulation?

Answer 14

• antigens

- C3a,C5a complement

Question 15

what is the role of histamine?

Answer 15

cause vascular dilation

Question 16

prostaglandins is a product of what?

Answer 16

fatty acid metabolism

Question 17

what is the main role of prostaglandins?

Answer 17

vascular dilation

Question 18

name the 4 proteolytic enzyme cascades?

Answer 18

• complement
• kinin system
• coagulation
• fibrinolytic system

Question 19

the kinin system requires the activation of which molecule?

Answer 19

hageman factor

Question 20

what is the end product of the kinin system?

Answer 20

bradykinin

Question 21

what is the function of bradykinin?

Answer 21

• activate complement
• increase vascular permeability
• stimulate nerves
• cause production of chemical mediators

Question 22

name the 3 coagulation pathways?

Answer 22

• intrinsic
• extrinsic
• common

Question 23

how is the intrinsic coagulation pathway activated?

Answer 23

when blood comes into contact with sub-endothelial connective tissue (outside BV)

Question 24

how is the extrinsic coagulation pathway activated?

Answer 24

damaged BV means human factor leaves vessel and encounters tissue factor on surrounding tissue

Question 25

what occurs during the common coagulation pathway?

Answer 25

production of thrombin produces fibrin

Question 26

which molecules is the building block of a blood clot?

Answer 26

fibrin

Question 27

in the coagulation system, which two pathways diverge on the remaining pathway?

Answer 27

intrinsic and extrinsic diverge on common

Question 28

which system is the opposite of the coagulation system?

Answer 28

fibrinolytic

Question 29

what is the function of the fibrinolytic system?

Answer 29

activate plasmin, breakdown blood clots (fibrin), prevent excess clotting

Question 30

fibrinogen is converted to fibrin by which molecule?

Answer 30

thrombin

Question 31

name some congenital coagulation disorders?

Answer 31

- Von Willebrand disease (VWD) | - haemophilia A/B

Question 32

name 2 anti-coagulant drugs

Answer 32

- warfarin | - heparin

Question 33

what s suppuration?

Answer 33

formation of pus (abscess) containing dead neutrophils and microorganisms

Question 34

what is pus surrounded by?

Answer 34

pyogenic membrane

Question 35

what are the 3 type of dental abscess?

Answer 35

- gingival - periodontal - pariapical

Question 36

what is resolution of acute inflammation?

Answer 36

complete restoration of tissues, minimal cell death

Question 37

resolution usually occurs in which types of tissue?

Answer 37

those with regenerating capacity

Question 38

what is the most favourable sequel to acute inflammation?

Answer 38

resolution

Question 39

what is the term for the leakage of an inflammatory exudate from blood vessels into surrounding tissues?

Answer 39

oedema

Question 40

what enzyme responsible for the production of prostaglandins is the target go ibuprofen?

Answer 40

cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)