Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Mechanisms of Disease > Acute Inflammation And Cardinal Manifestations Of Disease > Flashcards

Acute Inflammation And Cardinal Manifestations Of Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What is the first line of defense?

A

Skin and mucous membranes, tears, saliva, gut flora, and stomach acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the second line of defense?

A

Inflammatory response that is not specific to injury and acute inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the third line of defense?

A

The immune system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is etiology

A

Cause

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are some etiologies of acute inflammation

A

Microorganisms, hypoxia/ischemia, nutritional deficiencies, trauma/surgery, radiation, caustic chemicals, and extreme heat/cold

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the 2 major components of acute inflammation?

A

Vascular response and cellular response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What happens in vascular response?

A

Increased blood flow to injury site and increased blood vessel permeability at the injury site

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the function of the cellular response?

A

Removal of offending agent and damaged tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Why is the vascular response important in inflammation?

A

It enables cells in the body responsible for clotting, tissue repair, and immunity to travel to the site of injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the specific physiological phenomenon that occur in the vascular response

A

-transient vasoconstriction
vasodilation to increase blood flow to the area and enhance transport of blood and cells
-the endothelial cells lining vessels contract to increase the permeability
-increased permeability allows plasma and cells to travel into the injured tissue
-exudation of fluid dilutes the offending agent
-flow in vessels decreases to slow the spread of offending agent
-clotting elements move to the injury site

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the 3 types of capillaries?

A

Continuous capillaries- most common type
Fenestrated capillaries- little holes, present in endocrine organs, intestinal walls, and choroid plexus
Sinusoids- big gaps to let bigger cells out, present in bone marrow, liver, and spleen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the three major patterns of vascular responses?

A

Immediate transient, immediate sustained, and delayed hemodynamic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

When does an immediate transient vascular response occur?

A

Following a minor injury, resolves quickly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

When does a immediate sustained pattern of vascular response occur?

A

Following a major injury, lasts longer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

When does a delayed hemodynamic pattern of vascular response occur?

A

4-24 hours after an injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What occurs during the cellular response?

A

Phagocytic white blood cells move into the injury site (granulocytes and monocytes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the four steps of cellular response?

A

Margination/adhesion, migration (diapedesis), chemotaxis, and phagocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What specifically happens in margination/adhesion?

A

Chemical mediators (cytokines) are released, adhesion molecules (selectins) are expressed, leukocytes slow migration and begin marginating (pavementing), and adhere to the cell wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What happens during migration?

A

Leukocytes extend pseudopods and pass through the capillary wall via an ameboid movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What happens during chemotaxis?

A

Leukocytes travel through the tissue to the site of injury. Cytokines draw cells towards site and complement proteins bind to the bad cells to tag

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What happens during phagocytosis?

A

Leukocytes recognize and attach through opsonization. Then they engulf and intracellularly kill the harmful agent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.frontiersin.org%2Farticles%2F10.3389%2Ffimmu.2021.767175%2Ffull&psig=AOvVaw13QPe2PilqxWh8NpBuGb2p&ust=1673977800236000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CA8QjRxqFwoTCKiI_bLTzPwCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAN

What type of cell is this?

A

Neutrophil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Which WBC is the “first responder”

A

Neutrophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

When do neutrophils arrive and how long can they survive in the tissue?

A

90 minutes and they can survive for 10 hrs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the name of the condition of elevated WBC count?

A

Leukocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are immature forms of neutrophils called?

A

Bands or left shift

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hkimls.org%2Fqapeduhsm-neutb.htm&psig=AOvVaw2zs2Ak_gvp5cf0cki40ott&ust=1673978197334000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CA8QjRxqFwoTCJj5ofDUzPwCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAP

What type of cell is this?

A

A band

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hkimls.org%2Fqapeduhsm-lyml.htm&psig=AOvVaw0I8vm-zRi4JlkMR_sckaWi&ust=1673978425304000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CA8QjRxqFwoTCKDb69zVzPwCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAj

Which cell is this?

A

Lymphocyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.verywellhealth.com%2Fpolymorphonuclear-leukocyte-2252099&psig=AOvVaw1fIfhkV54AthHEtnolgaEH&ust=1673978607428000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CA8QjRxqFwoTCIi87bPWzPwCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAE

What cell type is this?

A

PMN neutrophil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fimagebank.hematology.org%2Fimage%2F3598%2Fmonocytes–4%3Ftype%3Dupload&psig=AOvVaw3MzHtjhdseAVeO-zz-i04D&ust=1673978686428000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CA8QjRxqFwoTCIiCuNnWzPwCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAE

What cell type is this?

A

Monocyte (kidney shaped nucleus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are eosinophils active in?

A

Allergic reactions and parasitic infections. They are responsive to IgE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are the 3 types of granulocytes

A

Eosinophils, basophils, and mast cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is the function of basophils?

A

They are active in inflammation and allergic reactions. They release histamine and they bond with IgE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is the function and location of mast cells?

A

Found in connective tissue, similar to basophils. They are on mucosal surfaces-lung, GI tract, and dermis.
They are always ready in a “sentinel position” and are active in allergic reaction (IgE) and parasitic infections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is the largest WBC?

A

Monocyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What role do monocytes play?

A

They have a long lifespan and arrive 24 hours after injury to become the predominant cell type 48 hours after injury. They engulf larger and greater quantities of foreign material than neutrophils and play a role in adaptive response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is the difference between a monocyte and a macrophage

A

A monocyte is in the blood and a macrophage is in tissue. Otherwise they are closely related

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is the common name of an erythrocyte and what role do they play??

A

Red blood cell, transport of oxygen to tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is the common name of a thrombocyte and what role do they play?

A

Platelet, helps to mediate the vascular response, hemostasis and thrombosis. Release inflammatory mediators

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is the role of endothelial cells?

A

Synthesize and release inflammatory mediators and play role in vascular response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Which cell is the “street cop”

A

Neutrophil, rapid response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Which cell is the “fumigator” and why?

A

Eosinophil, kills parasites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Which cell is the “fireman” and why?

A

Basophil, inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Which cell is the “riot police” and why?

A

Macrophage, longer lasting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Which cell is the “signal man” and why?

A

Dendritic cell, relays info

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Which cell is the “special forces” and why?

A

Lymphocytes (B and T cells), specific targeted response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What is the role of inflammatory mediators?

A

Modify and enhance inflammatory response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What are the 6 types of inflammatory mediators?

A

Plasma proteins, histamine, interleukin and other cytokines, platelet activating factor, prostaglandins, leukotrienes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What are the three types of plasma proteins?

A

Complement system, kinins, and clotting system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What is the most important kinin?

A

Bradykinin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What are the functions of kinins?

A

Vasodilation and vascular permeability, smooth muscle contraction, pain response.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What breaks down kinins?

A

Kininase and angiotensin-converting enzyme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What is the function of the clotting system?

A

Expression of endothelial adhesion molecules, production of prostaglandins, PAF, and chemokines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What is the key protease in the clotting process?

A

Thrombin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What proteins and enzymes are involved in the clotting system?

A

Fibrinopeptides, thrombin is a key protease enzyme

56
Q

Where are complement proteins found?

A

They are inactive in plasma

57
Q

What do complement proteins do when they are activated?

A

They become proteolytic enzymes that degrade other complement proteins in a cascade

58
Q

What are the functions of complement proteins

A

Vasodilation and increased vascular permeability, smooth muscle contraction
leukocyte recruitment and augmentation of phagocytosis, mast cell degradation

59
Q

What are the 2 key complement proteins?

A

C3a and C5a

60
Q

What cells release histamine?

A

Mast cells, basophils, platelets

61
Q

What is the role of histamine in vascular response?

A

Vasodilation and increased vascular permeability

62
Q

What receptor does histamine use to impact vascular response?

A

H1

63
Q

What are the types of cytokines?

A

Chemokines, interferons, interleukins, lymphokines, and tumor necrosis factor

64
Q

What is the function of IL-1 and TNFa

A

mediate early inflammatory response responsible for fever and pain
adhesion, chemotaxis, general acute-phase response

65
Q

What is arachidonic acid?

A

A fatty acid precursor derived from cell membrane phospholipids

66
Q

What is created from arachidonic acid in the cyclooxygenase pathway?

A

Prostaglandins and thromboxane

67
Q

What is created from arachidonic acid through the lipoxygenase pathway?

A

Leukotrienes

68
Q

What do corticosteroid medications block?

A

The synthesis of arachidonic acid from phospholipids

69
Q

What end product can’t be created if arachidonic acid is not created?

A

Leukotrienes, prostaglandins, and thromboxane

70
Q

What blocks the cyclooxygenase pathway?

A

NSAIDS/aspirin

71
Q

What can’t be created if the cyclooxygenase pathway is blocked?

A

Prostaglandins and thromboxane

72
Q

What is the function of prostaglandins?

A

Vascular permeability and vasodilation, pain response

73
Q

What is the function of prostaglandin E1 and prostaglandin E2?

A

Induce inflammation and poténciate effects of other inflammatory mediators, especially histamine

74
Q

What is the function of thromboxane A2?

A

Promotes platelet aggregation and vasoconstriction

75
Q

What is the function of leukotrienes?

A

Vascular permeability, adhesion of endothelial cells, chemotaxis, further histamine release

76
Q

What is function of slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis?

A

It is a group of leukotrienes that causes slow and sustained constriction of the bronchioles. It is important in asthma and anaphylaxis

77
Q

What are leukotriene receptor antagonists used for

A

The treatment of asthma

78
Q

What are 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors used for?

A

Block enzyme in lipoxygenase pathway to convert arachidonic acid to leukotrienes

79
Q

Where does platelet activating factor come from

A

Cell membrane phospholipids

80
Q

What is the function of platelet activating factor?

A

-Induces platelet aggregation and stimulates platelets to release vasoactive mediators
- stimulates synthesis of thromboxanes
-increase vascular permeability
-neutrophil activation, and chemoattractant for eosinophils

81
Q

What is the function of nitric oxide

A

Smooth muscle relaxant, antagonism of platelet functions, reduction of leukocyte recruitment, assists in microbicidal action by phagocytes

82
Q

What is erythema and why is it present?

A

Redness. Increased blood flow

83
Q

What is heat (calor) and what causes this response?

A

Heat. Increased blood flow

84
Q

What causes swelling (edema, tumor)

A

Increased permeability of vessels causes leakiness into tissues of fluid

85
Q

What causes pain?

A

Chemical mediators released cause pain, but it can also be caused due to swelling pushing into neighboring tissues

86
Q

What causes loss of function?

A

Swelling or injury itself

87
Q

What are the 5 cardinal signs of inflammation?

A

Redness, swelling, heat, pain, loss of function

88
Q

What is an exudate?

A

Fluid excreted from site of injury due to vascular response

89
Q

What is a water, low in protein, derived from plasma entering inflammatory site exudate

A

Serous

90
Q

Thin, red or pink, water, plasma with a few RBCs mixed in exudate

A

Sanguinous

91
Q

Large amount of fibrinogen, thick, sticky mesh work exudate

A

Fibrinous

92
Q

Pus from degrading WBCs, protein, and tissue debris exudate

A

Purulent/suppurative

93
Q

Severe tissue injury causing damage to blood vessels or significant RBC leakage from capillaries (hematoma) exudate

A

Hemorrhagic

94
Q

Exudate that is formed on mucous membranes with necrotic cells in fibropurulent base

A

Membranous/Pseudomembranous

95
Q

What is an abscess?

A

Localized area of inflammation containing Purulent exudate

96
Q

What is an ulceration?

A

Necrotic, eroded area of epithelium with subepithelial inflammation

97
Q

What are the signs/symptoms of the acute-phase response of systemic inflammation?

A

Changed plasma proteins concentration, fever, increased leukocytes, lethargy, and skeletal muscle catabolism, increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate

98
Q

What causes fever?

A

IL-1, IL-6, and TNFa reset the thermoregulatory set point in the hypothalamus

99
Q

What mediates the increase in leukocytes?

A

IL-1 and other cytokines

100
Q

What mediates lethargy?

A

IL-1, TNFa action on CNS

101
Q

What are the acute-phase proteins involved in systemic inflammation?

A

CRP, fibrinogen

102
Q

If someone has elevated CRP what is that indicative of?

A

Inflammation, HTN, DM, smoking, aging, obesity, depression, sleep disturbance`

103
Q

What is the function of CRP?

A

Binds to surface of invading microorganisms to assist their destruction, aids with regulating immune response, clears necrotic cell

104
Q

What is an elevated CRP associated with?

A

Increased risk of cardiovascular disease

105
Q

When would you see an increase in erythrocyte sedimentation rate?

A

Acute phase of systemic inflammation, non-inflammatory conditions (obesity) and anemic patients (falsely elevated)

106
Q

What can cause leukocytosis?

A

Medication, bone marrow disease, inflammation or infection

107
Q

What infections cause neutrophilia?

A

Bacterial infection

108
Q

What infections cause eosinophilia?

A

Parasitic infection, allergic reaction

109
Q

What condition causes neutropenia and/or lymphocytosis?

A

Viral infection

110
Q

What are the signs/symptoms of lymphadenitis?

A

Swollen, tender, mobile, rubbery, possibly erythematous or fluctuant lymph node

111
Q

What is the cause of lymphadenitis?

A

An inflammatory reaction in lymph nodes draining injured area. It is caused by filtering lymph fluid with infectious/necrotic material

112
Q

What is the treatment of lymphadenitis?

A

Treatment of underlying inflammatory process, antimicrobial therapy, analgesics, anti-inflammatory es, cool compresses, abscessed nodes may require drainage

113
Q

What is the cause of lymphangitis?

A

Inflammation or infection of lymph channels draining an injured area

114
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of lymphagenitis?

A

Red, tender streaks extending proximal y

115
Q

What is the treatment of lymphadenitis?

A

Treatment of underlying inflammatory process, antimicrobial therapy, analgesics, anti-inflammatories, cool compresses

116
Q

What is shock?

A

Life threatening condition caused by lack of adequate circulation and oxygenation of the body

117
Q

Why is shock an emergency?

A

There is a high risk of multiple organ damage and failure

118
Q

What are the main signs/symptoms of shock?

A

Hypotension, oliguria, pale/cool/clammy skin, altered mental status, metabolic acidosis, also possible: shallow breathing and/or rapid breathing, elevated heart rate, dehydration, chest pain/irregular heartbeat

119
Q

What are the 5 types of shock?

A

Cardiogenic, hypovolemic, Distributive, anaphylactic, neurogenic, septic

120
Q

What type of shock is due to the inability of heart to pump required amount of blood?

A

Cardiogenic shock

121
Q

What are some of the causes of Cardiogenic shock?

A

Cardiac arrhythmias, damaged heart muscle or valves, pressure around heart, or rupture of heart muscle

122
Q

What type of shock is due to decreased intravascular volume leading to decreased perfusion of vital organs?

A

Hypovolemic shock

123
Q

What type of shock is related to severe vasodilation causing loss of peripheral vascular resistance?

A

Distributive shock

124
Q

What types of shock fall under distributive shock?

A

Anaphylactic, neurogenic, and septic

125
Q

What is the type of shock where severe, rapid allergic or hypersensitive reaction has potential to be fatal?

A

Anaphylactic

126
Q

What is the type of shock with damage to the autonomic pathways in the CNS that causes loss of sympathetic stimulation to blood vessels which causes vasodilation and sudden hypotension?

A

Neurogenic

127
Q

What type of shock is caused by systemic vasodilation after an infection and desregulaciones of inflammatory response?

A

Septic shock

128
Q

What is SIRS? What is it mediated by?

A

Systemic inflammatory response system, mediated by IL-1 and TNFa.

129
Q

What happens in septic shock?

A

A exaggerated inflammatory response leads to vasodilation, tissue ischemia, direct cell injury, and altered apoptosis

130
Q

What are the effects of septic shock on the circulatory and lungs?

A

Hypotension and hypo perfusion, pulmonary edema

131
Q

What are the effects of septic shock on the GI tract, liver, and kidney?

A

Increased intestinal permeability allows bacteria and endotoxins to enter systemic circulation, impaired elimination of bacteria and endotoxins from gut due to cellular injury, and impaired filtration of toxins and waste products from blood due to hypoperfusion and renal damage in kidney

132
Q

What is the impact of septic shock on the nervous system?

A

Encephalopathy due to changes in cell signaling by inflammatory mediators and dysfunction of the blood-brain barrier

133
Q

Which immune mediators are responsible for pain?

A

Kinins, cytokines, and prostaglandins

134
Q

Which immune mediators are responsible for expression of endothelial adhesion molecules?

A

Clotting system, cytokines, leukotrienes

135
Q

Which immune mediators are responsible for fever?

A

Cytokines

Mechanisms of Disease (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions