Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Development > Acute Renal Failure > Flashcards

Acute Renal Failure Flashcards

(71 cards)

Start Studying
0
Q

Frothy urine is indicative of which renal abnormalities

A

Proteinuria such as in nephrotic syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

Recurrent frank haematoma is indicative of what

A

IgA glomerulonephritis in young people

Renal tract cancer in elderly people

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Haematuria at the beginning of the urine stream is suggestive of what

A

Urethral bleeding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Haematuria at the end of the urine stream is suggestive of what

A

Bladder or prostate bleeding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Haematuria throughout the urine stream is suggestive of what

A

Glomerular bleeding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What can happen in the kidneys following a streptococcal throat. Infection

A

Post-infective glomerulonephritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Dysmorphic red cells in the urine suggest what

A

Glomerular bleeding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Eosinophils and leukocytes in the urine are suggestive of what

A

Interstitial nephritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Polymorphonuclear cells in the urine suggest what

A

Inflammation from bacterial infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Red cell casts in the urine suggest what

A

Bleeding usually due to glomerulonephritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

White cell casts in the urine suggest what

A

Acute infection - usually bacterial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What do hyaline or fine granular casts in the urine suggest

A

They are normal findings, but may be raised in proteinuria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Fatty casts in the urine are suggestive of which condition

A

Nephrotic syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Large waxy casts in the urine suggest what

A

Chronic kidney disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Where are urinary casts made

A

In the DCT and collecting ducts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are urinary casts primarily made of

A

Tubular mucoprotein aka Tamm-Horsfall protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Pigmented casts in the urine are suggestive of what

A

Haemoglobinuria or myoglobinuria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Describe the structure of calcium oxalate crystals and which conditions might make them appear in the urine

A

Square envelope shape

Most common component in kidney stones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Describe triple phosphate crystals and when they might be present in the urine

A

Coffin lid shape

Found in alkalin urine eg in a proteus UTI such as klebsiella

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Describe the structure of Uric acid crystals and when they would be present in the urine

A

Diamond shape
Found in hyperuricaemia eg in gout
Can also be caused by tumour lysis syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Describe the shape of cystine crystals and when they would be present in the urine

A

Hexagonal with sharp edges

Present in cystinuria (inherited metabolic disorder)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the first sign of diabetic nephropathy

A

Microalbuminuria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What might be seen on histology in ATN

A

Dilated tubules
Loss of tubular epithelium
Mitosis figures in tubular epithelial nuclei

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the histology all features of acute interstitial nephritis

A

Leucocytic infiltrate into the interstitial (esp eosinophils)
Normal glomeruli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What are the histological features of crescentic glomerulonephritis
Crescent shaped cluster of acute inflammatory cells w/in the Bowmann's capsule displacing the glomerular tuft
26
name the three broad groups of AKI
PRERENAL- decr fluid/blood to kidneys so decr GFR INTRINSIC - damage to parenchyma POSTRENAL - urinary tract obstruction
27
which part tof the glomerular vasculature does angiotensin II act
it is a powerful vasoconstrictor of the vas efferens
28
how might third space sequestration cause AKI and how might it manifest
PRERENAL - compression of renal veins (if >70mmHg also arteries) manifests as: - resp comprimise - decr cardiac output - intestinal ischaemia - hepatic dysfunction
29
what is the most common cause of intrinsic ARF
acute tubular necrosis
30
how does rhabdomyolysis cause AKI
haem from myoglobin damages proximal tubules, and obstructs tubules as forms casts. volume depletetion may also occur as fluid accumulates within the damaged muscles.
31
what 4 electrolyte abnormalities are present in rhabdomyolysis
hyperkalaemia hyperphosphataemia hyperuricaemia hypocalcaemia as calcium is deposited in muscle (hyper in recovery as this is released)
32
describe three methods of preventing rhabdomyolysis induced AKI
fluid repletion forced alkaline diuresis mannitol forced diuresis
33
how can radiocontrast nephropathy be preventd
``` low osmolarity contrast media prehydration with IV fluids antioxidants N-acetyl-cysteine diuretics IV NaCO3 ```
34
name three types of ATIN
drug induced infection related inflammatory
35
whihc drugs can cause ATIN
``` penecillins cephalosporins sulfonamides rifampicin frusemide NSAIDs ```
36
which viral infection can cause ATIN
Hautavirus
37
name a bacterial infection which can cause ATIN
``` legionella leptospira streptococci mycoplasma brucella chlamydia ```
38
which inflammatory conditions are associated with ATIN
Sjogrens SLE Wegener's granulomatosis sarcoidosis
39
which type of ATIN presents with eosinophiluria and eosinophilia
drug induced
40
which type of ATIN might present with neutrophilic cellular infiltrate
infection induced from acute pyelonephritis
41
what is TINU syndrome
uveitis with TIN usually presents in childhood in adults more common in females thought to be related to autoantibodies to CRP
42
which is the main diagnostic test for post renal causes of AKI
US | looks for hydronephros or hydroureter
43
what are the main tubular functions in the kidney
concentration of urine acidification of urine therefore in obstruction there is a loss of concentration and a loss of acidification capacity leading to polyuria and metabolic acidosis
44
what are the treatments of post renal AKI
post obstructive diuresis replace electrolytes correct metabolic acidosis
45
what is a normal anion gap acidosis indicative of and what might have caused is
bicarbonate loss caused by diarrhoea and renal tubular acidosis
46
what is an increased anion gap suggestive of and what might have caused it
increased acid production caused by: - lactic acidosis - DKA - renal failure - methanol - ethylene glycol
47
what are the signs of metabolic acidosis
muscle weakness altered mental state kussmaul breathing hypotension (from negative ionotropic effect)
48
what are the effects of hyperkalaemia
muscle weakness constipation cardiac : loss of p wave, tall tented T, wide QRS
49
what can be administered IV in hyperkalaemia to protect cardiac muscle
Ca gluconate 10mls of 10% over 10 mins Ca antagonises K in cardiac muscles Dextrose insulin as glucose co-transported with K SABA - IV salbutamol works via the glucose K co-transporter
50
what must not be given to patients with bilateral renal artery stenosis
ACE inhibitors as causes a dramatic drop in GFR
51
list 4 causes of high renin states
1 volume depletion (D&V, diuretics) 2 fluid overload (cirrhosis, nephrotic syndrome) 3 low cardiac output (CCF) 4 renal hypoperfusion (renal artery stenosis)
52
which is the most common causative organism in acute pyelonephritis
e. coli
53
what are the three predisposing conditions for papillary necrosis
diabetes urinary tract obstruction analgaesic abuse
54
list some causes of hyperosmolar hyponatraemia
renal failure hyperglycaemia mannitol therapy
55
list some causes of hyponatraemia with a normal osmolarity
also known as pseudohyponatraemia seen in severe hyperlipidaemia and paraproteinuria
56
hyposmolar hyponatraemia can be further sub divided into what
HIGH ADH LOW ADH (renal failure, primary polydipsia)
57
what can cause primary polydipsia
anti-psychotic induced thirst hypothalamic lesions beer drinkers
58
which type of diuretic might be used in hyponatraemia
loop diuretics
59
what is osmotic demylination syndrome
a complication of rapid correction of severe hyponatraemia
60
what are Bence Jones proteins
light chains from IgG found in myeloma | light chain disease can cause cast nephropathy
61
give two examples of osmotic diuretics and what they do
mannitol, glycerol | exert an osmotic effect in the glomerulus as they are not reabsorbed
62
give two examples of loop diuretics and what they do
furosemide and bumetenide they bind to NKCC2 co-transporters in the THICK ascending limb, this inhibits Na K and Cl reabsorption which decreases the medullary hypertonicity. They also alter the transcellular voltage and reduce reposition of calcium and magnesium THESE ARE STRONG DIURETICS
63
give two examples of thiazide diuretics and how they work
bendroflumethazide and indapamide these reversibly bind inhibit the NCC apical NaCl co-transporter in the DCT allowing more sodium in and potassium out they are weak diuretics can raised rate and cholesterol levels can also lead to the depletion of Na K Cl Mg
64
give two examples of potassium sparing collecting duct diuretics
amiloride and triamterene | blocks ENaC and therefore sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion
65
how does aldosterone affect the collecting duct
promotes sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion
66
how does spironolactone work?
it blocks aldosterone receptors in the collecting duct reducing sodium reabsorption. can lead to: hyperkalaemia gynaecomastia (as anti andrgogenic)
67
list two drugs that can cause hypokalaemia
thiazide diuretics | loop diuretics
68
list three drugs that can cause hyperkalaemia
ACEI Angiotensin receptor blockers sprinoloactone
69
which drugs may cause irreversible renal damage
aminoglycosides (Gent) | NSAIDS
70
which drug may falsely elevated serum creatinine
trimethoprim
71
which drugs can cause rhabdomyolysis
``` statins calcineurin inhibitors ( cyclosporin and tocrolimus) ```

Development (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions