Normal Child

Question 1

what is the respiratory adaptation which happens at birth and which cells are involved

Answer 1

Catecholamines and prostaglandins are released during birth which means fluid is resorbed by the alveoli by type I pneumocytes

Question 2

what causes the ductus arteriosus to constict during the 1st few minutes of life

Answer 2

oxygen in the blood through ventilation

Question 3

what does the first breath do to the pulmonary resistance

Answer 3

reduces it

Question 4

what does the increase in pulmonary venous return and the increase in left atrial pressure cause

Answer 4

closure of the foramen ovale

the septum primum presses against the septum secondum

Question 5

what are the symptoms of respiratory distress (5)

Answer 5

1. tachypnoea
2. tachycardia
3. chest wall recession
4. nasal flaring
5. expiratory grunting
6. cyanosis

Question 6

brown fat is rick around the lower neck and supraclavicular region, but what is found in it and what happens to this substance in the mitochondria

Answer 6

it is rich in TG

FFA oxidation –> heat

Question 7

what three things could result from a baby getting too cold

Answer 7

hypoglycaemia
respiratory distress
surfactant deactivation

Question 8

where is glycogen found in neonates unlike any other time in life

Answer 8

the heart

Question 9

what are the 3 metabolic adaptations of a baby at birth

Answer 9

1. decrease in the plasma conc of insulin
2. increased catecholamines
3. increased pancreatic glucagon release

Question 10

what is acrocyanosis

Answer 10

dusky blue appearance of the peripheries

Question 11

why is vitamin K given at birth

Answer 11

to aid clotting. Some babies are born with vitamin K deficiency

Question 12

what does low activity of glucuronosultransferase cause in the first few days of life

Answer 12

physiological jaundice

Question 13

what is the normal heart rate of a newborn

Answer 13

110-150 bpm

Question 14

what is the normal BP of a newborn

Answer 14

65/40 mmHg

Question 15

what is the average head circumference of a newborn

Answer 15

35cm

Question 16

what is the average weight of a newborn

Answer 16

3.5kg

Question 17

which 2 hormones are essential for growth

Answer 17

GH and TH

Question 18

how does GH promote growth at the epiphyseal plates?

Answer 18

promotes proliferation of chondrocytes to make cartilage

Question 19

what percentage of growth occurs in the foetal phase

Answer 19

30%

Question 20

what percentage of growth occurs in the infantile phase

Answer 20

15%

Question 21

what percentage of growth happens in the childhood phase

Answer 21

40%

Question 22

what percentage of growth happens in the pubertal phase

Answer 22

15%

Question 23

which 2 things are important in the foetal phase of growth

Answer 23

nutrition and placenta

Question 24

which hormones are important in childhood

Answer 24

GH and TH

Question 25

when are androgens secreted? what do they promote?

Answer 25

6-8 years --> axillary and pubic hair growth

Question 26

when and where is there an increase in the release of GnRH

Answer 26

nocturnally secreted from the hypothalamus --> gonadarche

Question 27

in which gene is there a defect in in achondroplasia

Answer 27

FGFR-3

Question 28

which hormone is increased in hypothyroidism

Answer 28

TSH

Question 29

what happens when there is GH insufficiency

Answer 29

faltering growth due to lack of proliferation of the chondrocytes at the epiphyseal plates

Question 30

name some conditions which may cause tall stature

Answer 30

``` hyperthyroidism precocious puberty nutritional marfans klinefelters ```

Question 31

what is marasmus

Answer 31

chronic malnutrition causing stunted growth

Question 32

what is kwashiorhor?

Answer 32

starvation and oedema due to low albumin and hepatomegaly

Question 33

which protein is most abundant in colostrum: whey or casein

Answer 33

whey (80%)

Question 34

which protein in milk can potentially become allergenic

Answer 34

casein

Question 35

what is the main carb in mature milk

Answer 35

lactose

Question 36

what should the weight gain be from 0-3 months in a child

Answer 36

200g per week

Question 37

what should the weight gain be in 4-6 months in a child

Answer 37

150g per week

Question 38

how much milk should a 0-4 month old have per day

Answer 38

150-200ml/kg

Question 39

how much milk should a 4-6month old have per day

Answer 39

140ml/kg

Question 40

what do the first few breaths of life help with

Answer 40

pushing fluid away from the airway and alveoli

Question 41

what is vernix

Answer 41

waxy coating of the newborn

Question 42

what is the normal RR for a newborn

Answer 42

40-60/min