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Development > Normal Child > Flashcards

Normal Child Flashcards

1
Q

what is the respiratory adaptation which happens at birth and which cells are involved

A

Catecholamines and prostaglandins are released during birth which means fluid is resorbed by the alveoli by type I pneumocytes

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2
Q

what causes the ductus arteriosus to constict during the 1st few minutes of life

A

oxygen in the blood through ventilation

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3
Q

what does the first breath do to the pulmonary resistance

A

reduces it

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4
Q

what does the increase in pulmonary venous return and the increase in left atrial pressure cause

A

closure of the foramen ovale

the septum primum presses against the septum secondum

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5
Q

what are the symptoms of respiratory distress (5)

A
  1. tachypnoea
  2. tachycardia
  3. chest wall recession
  4. nasal flaring
  5. expiratory grunting
  6. cyanosis
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6
Q

brown fat is rick around the lower neck and supraclavicular region, but what is found in it and what happens to this substance in the mitochondria

A

it is rich in TG

FFA oxidation –> heat

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7
Q

what three things could result from a baby getting too cold

A

hypoglycaemia
respiratory distress
surfactant deactivation

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8
Q

where is glycogen found in neonates unlike any other time in life

A

the heart

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9
Q

what are the 3 metabolic adaptations of a baby at birth

A
  1. decrease in the plasma conc of insulin
  2. increased catecholamines
  3. increased pancreatic glucagon release
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10
Q

what is acrocyanosis

A

dusky blue appearance of the peripheries

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11
Q

why is vitamin K given at birth

A

to aid clotting. Some babies are born with vitamin K deficiency

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12
Q

what does low activity of glucuronosultransferase cause in the first few days of life

A

physiological jaundice

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13
Q

what is the normal heart rate of a newborn

A

110-150 bpm

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14
Q

what is the normal BP of a newborn

A

65/40 mmHg

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15
Q

what is the average head circumference of a newborn

A

35cm

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16
Q

what is the average weight of a newborn

A

3.5kg

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17
Q

which 2 hormones are essential for growth

A

GH and TH

18
Q

how does GH promote growth at the epiphyseal plates?

A

promotes proliferation of chondrocytes to make cartilage

19
Q

what percentage of growth occurs in the foetal phase

A

30%

20
Q

what percentage of growth occurs in the infantile phase

A

15%

21
Q

what percentage of growth happens in the childhood phase

A

40%

22
Q

what percentage of growth happens in the pubertal phase

A

15%

23
Q

which 2 things are important in the foetal phase of growth

A

nutrition and placenta

24
Q

which hormones are important in childhood

A

GH and TH

25
Q

when are androgens secreted? what do they promote?

A

6-8 years –> axillary and pubic hair growth

26
Q

when and where is there an increase in the release of GnRH

A

nocturnally secreted from the hypothalamus –> gonadarche

27
Q

in which gene is there a defect in in achondroplasia

A

FGFR-3

28
Q

which hormone is increased in hypothyroidism

A

TSH

29
Q

what happens when there is GH insufficiency

A

faltering growth due to lack of proliferation of the chondrocytes at the epiphyseal plates

30
Q

name some conditions which may cause tall stature

A 
hyperthyroidism
precocious puberty
nutritional
marfans
klinefelters
31
Q

what is marasmus

A

chronic malnutrition causing stunted growth

32
Q

what is kwashiorhor?

A

starvation and oedema due to low albumin and hepatomegaly

33
Q

which protein is most abundant in colostrum: whey or casein

A

whey (80%)

34
Q

which protein in milk can potentially become allergenic

A

casein

35
Q

what is the main carb in mature milk

A

lactose

36
Q

what should the weight gain be from 0-3 months in a child

A

200g per week

37
Q

what should the weight gain be in 4-6 months in a child

A

150g per week

38
Q

how much milk should a 0-4 month old have per day

A

150-200ml/kg

39
Q

how much milk should a 4-6month old have per day

A

140ml/kg

40
Q

what do the first few breaths of life help with

A

pushing fluid away from the airway and alveoli

41
Q

what is vernix

A

waxy coating of the newborn

42
Q

what is the normal RR for a newborn

A

40-60/min

Development (13 decks)

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