AD lab practical 3 Flashcards
1
Q
Phylum Chordata major synapomorphies
A
DHNC, endostyle (thyroid gland), notochord, pharyngeal gill slits, postanal tail
2
Q
what is the Dorsal hollow nerve cord (DHNC) and what does it do?
A
fluid-filled dorsal nerve cord that forms central nervous system along and brain
3
Q
what is the endostyle and what does it do?
A
secretes mucus, traps small food particles
4
Q
what is the notochord?
A
slender rod of cartilage-like connective tissue that extends along dorsal side
5
Q
what are the pharyngeal gill slits and what does it do?
A
series of paired slits in pharynx for water to pass to gills
5
Q
what is the postanal tail and what does it do?
A
muscular tail that projects past anus, for moving
6
Q
what is the Cerebral ganglion and what does it do?
A
bundle of nerves that serve as brain
7
Q
SUBPHYLUM UROCHORDATA, CLASS ASCIDIACEA common name
A
tunicates, sea squirts
7
Q
SUBPHYLUM UROCHORDATA, CLASS ASCIDIACEA characteristics
A
solitary filter feeders w 2 siphons (incurrent, excurrent); tunic made of cellulose, secreted by mantle; larva have all synapomorphies, adults don’t
8
Q
what is the intestine/stomach and what does it do?
A
connected to pharynx, for final digestion
8
Q
what is the pharynx?
A
mesh pattern that takes up majority of body plan
8
Q
what are the siphons?
A
incurrent - water in, excurrent - water out
9
Q
SUBPHYLUM CEPHALOCHORDATA, GENUS BRANCHIOSTOMA common name
A
lancelets, amphioxus
10
Q
Subphylum Cephalochordata, Genus Branchiostoma characteristics
A
filter feeders, basic chordate structure
11
Q
what are Lampreys (Petromyzontida) and hagfish (Myxini)?
A
jawless fish
11
Q
Subphylum Vertebrata: Superclass Agnatha, Class Petromysontida consists of what?
A
Lampreys (Petromyzontida) and hagfish (Myxini)
12
Q
Lampreys (Petromyzontida) and hagfish (Myxini) characteristics
A
anadromous lifestyle; larval ammocoetes live in sand
13
Q
what does anadromous mean?
A
swim upstream to spawn
14
Q
what are Chondrichthyes?
A
Cartilaginous jawed fishes
15
Q
what does the Ampullae of Lorenzini do?
A
detects weak electrical fields
16
Q
what is the subclass under Chondrichthyes and what does it consist of?
A
Elasmobranchii - sharks, skates, rays
17
Q
Chondrichthyes charactersitics
A
Ampullae of Lorenzini, ovoviviparous, Rough skin contain dermal denticles, Maintain buoyancy w large oily livers
18
Q
what does ovoviviparous mean?
A
live birth but young develop attached to yolk sac instead of placenta
19
Q
where are the claspers on dogfish shark and what does it do?
A
in between pelvic fins to aid in mating; only in males
20
what are the fins on a dogfish shark?
anterior/posterior dorsal, 2 lobed caudal, pectoral, pelvic fins
21
what do the Spiracles and nostrils do?
allow for breathing while feeding
22
what is the Ilium?
contains spiral valve
23
what does the spiral valve do in dogfish?
slows food to endure complete digestion or absorption
24
what does the liver do in dogfish?
large, multilobed; contains oil for buoyancy; gallbladder on central lobe of liver
25
where is the spleen in dogfish sharks?
on elbow of J-shaped stomach
26
what is the digestive tract of a dogfish shark?
esophagus → stomach → duodenum → ilium → colon; lined w rugae
27
what is rugae and what does it do?
irregular ridges that increase surface area
28
where is the heart in a dogfish shark?
between gill slits
29
where is the kidney in a dogfish shark?
in dorsal body wall
30
where are the ovaries/testes in a dogfish shark?
dorsal side of body between pectoral fins
31
where is the pancreas in a dogfish shark and what does it do?
outside of duodenum, secretes enzymes to aid in digestion
32
what does the Rectal gland/digitiform gland in a dogfish shark do?
regulated ion balance
33
where is the uterus in a dogfish shark?
next to digestive tract
34
Class Actinopterygii characteristics
ray-finned fish; global distribution; represent largest group of verts; buoyancy maintained w swim bladder
35
Class Actinopterygii fin characteristics
fins contain fin rays, can have hard spines (Ctenoid) to deter predation or softer (cycloid) for propulsion
36
what is an Operculum?
hard covering protecting gills
37
where are the gills in a Perca fish?
under operculum
37
what is the duodenum in a Perca fish?
“S” shaped portion of intestine
38
what is the Pyloric ceca in a Perca fish?
fingerlike projections nestled in curves of duodenum
39
what is the stomach in a Perca fish?
J-shaped, leads to bend w fingerlike pyloric ceca before entering intestine
40
what is the swim bladder in a Perca fish and what does it do?
filled w gases; controls buoyancy
41
where are the gonads in a Perca fish?
visible connected to urogenital opening
42
respiration characteristics in fish
water movement across gills is driven by oral and opercular pumps
43
how can the volume of the oral pump be changed?
raising and lowering jaw and floor of mouth
44
what is cutaneous respiration?
using skin as respiratory organs
44
how can the volume of the opercular pump be changed?
by swinging operculum in and out
45
amphibia characteristics
skin soft and moist, need water/moist environments, cutaneous respiration; eggs don't have protective outer coating; have lungs as adults but gills as larva; adults use positive pressure breathing
46
what is the Anura skull made of?
many smaller bones w auditory capsule
47
how many vertebrae does the Anura vertebral column have?
9, atlas - most anterior, sacral vertebra - most posterior
48
what is the Urostyle in Anura?
several caudal vertebrae fused together
49
muscular anatomy characteristics in Anura
skeletal muscles bound by fascia into fasciculi; Fasciculi arranged in parallel to long axis of muscle; can attach to bones, cartilage, ligaments
50
what is fasciculi?
bundles
50
what is fascia?
connective tissue
51
what is flexion?
moves distal part of limb closer to next proximal part
52
what is extension?
moves distal part of limb farther to proximal part
52
what is adduction?
moves distal end of bone closer to median plane
53
what is abduction?
moves distal end of bone farther from median plane
54
what is the origin of a muscle?
stationary position
55
what is the insertion of a muscle?
mobile position
56
what is the origin of a muscle called?
head, can have multiple
57
where are the internal nares?
front of mouth by vomerine teeth
58
what does the Nictitating membrane do?
protects frogs eyes
59
where is eustachian tube and what does it do?
back of frogs mouth, connect to ear and maintain air pressure
60
where is the glottis and what does it do?
back of throat, controls opening to larynx and then trachea
61
where is tongue in frogs?
attached to front of mouth
61
what is the tympanic used for in frogs?
hearing
62
what is the digestive tract of a frog?
Mouth → Esophagus → stomach → small intestine → large intestine → cloaca
63
what does the liver and gallbladder do in frogs?
store bile
64
where is the pancreas found in frogs?
in mesenteries near stomach
65
frog respiratory system characteristics
no diaphragm, air forced into lungs under positive pressure from mouth; opening to trachea controlled by glottis
66
frog circulatory system characteristics
3 chambered heart, 2 atria, 1 ventricle; heart is ventral and medial relative to lungs w/in pericardial sac; divided into pulmonary and systemic circuits
67
what are the major arteries near the frog heart?
Truncus arteriosus
67
what are the major veins near the frog heart?
precava, anterior vena cava; postcava, posterior vena cava; sinus venosus
68
frog urogenital system characteristics
Kidneys flattened against dorsal wall w adrenal gland in center, kidneys connected to cloaca via ureters; testes/ovaries ventral to kidneys
69
what is courtship behavior in frogs?
amplexus
70
what are non-avian reptiles?
Reptilia w exception of birds; similar to amphibians (ectothermic tetrapods)
71
what are differences of non-avian reptiles compared to amphibians?
tough, protective skin; more developed lungs; amniotic eggs that can be laid outside of water
72
what are diapsid skulls and what do they do?
2 pairs of holes, provides more space for jaw muscles
73
what are anapsid skulls?
no openings in skull
74
painted turtle characteristics
shell derived from ribs, pectoral and pelvic girdles inside shell; omnivorous; dorsal and ventral shell
75
what is the ventral shell on painted turtles called?
plastron
76
what is the dorsal shell on painted turtles called?
carapace, covered in scutes
77
what is the hyoid apparatus and what does it do?
complex of mostly fused bones that support tongue
78
how are birds specialized for flight?
pneumatized bones, light skeleton; keratinous feather; large sternum to anchor flight muscles; all vertebrae fused except neck
79
what does the gizzard do?
grinds food
79
what does the crop do?
stores food
80
characteristics of air flow in birds
have unidirectional, flow thru lungs: air inhaled into posterior air sacs then forced thru lungs from posterior to anterior
81
what are down feathers and what does it do?
soft tufts under contours for insulation
82
what is the vane of a feather?
broad surface
83
what is the feather shaft?
rachis; continuation of quill that is thrust into feather follicle
84
what is the vane made of?
barbs branching from shaft and interlocking barbules branching from barbs
85
what are contour feathers?
external; form; when in flight they're called flight feathers
86
what are semiplume feathers for?
insulation and form
87
what are filoplume feathers?
hair like, sensory role
87
what bones are in a birds' pectoral girdle?
scapula, coracoid, furcula
88
what is the first digit of a birds' forelimbs?
alula
89
what is the carpometacarpusin birds?
fusion of some wrist bones and metacarpals
90
what is the pelvic girdle in birds?
vertebrae and part of innominate bones fused into synsacrum
91
what is a tibiotarsus?
tibia fused w ankle bones
91
what bones are in a birds' hindlimbs?
femur, tibiotarsus, fibula, tarsometatarsus
92
what is a tarsometatarsus?
other ankle bones fused and elongated
93
defining mammal traits
milk producing mammary glands, hair, muscular diaphragm for breathing, 4 chambered heart, young in uterus
94
what groups do mammals include?
monotremes and Theria
95
what are Monotremes?
egg-laying mammals
96
what animals are in Eutheria?
placental mammals
97
what animals are in Metatheria?
marsupials
98
what groups are in Theria?
Metatheria, Eutheria
99
Monotreme characteristics
oviparous, eggs have leathery shell; release milk thru mammary ducts; native to Australia and new guinea
100
what does oviparous mean?
egg laying mammals
100
marsupial characteristics
pouches; after short gestation period, young go to pouch and continue to develop
101
Eutherian characteristics
gestation inside uterus, young developed at birth
102
what is Order Artiodactyla?
even-toed hoofed animals
103
what does the digastric muscle do?
depresses mandible
104
what does the mylohyoid muscle do?
raises floor of mouth
105
what does the masseter muscle do?
elevates jaw and closes mouth
106
what does the sternohyoid muscle do?
retracts and depresses hyoid and base of tongue
107
what does the sternocephalic muscle do?
turns or depresses head
108
what does the brachiocephalic muscle do?
inclines or extends head
109
what does the superficial pectoral muscle do?
adducts humerus
110
what does the latissimus dorsi muscle do?
draws humerus upward and backward
111
what does the biceps brachii muscle do?
flexes elbow
112
what does the vastus lateralis muscle do?
extends shank
113
what does the biceps femoris muscle do?
abducts and extends limb, flexes knee joint
114
what does the gluteus medius muscle do?
abducts thigh
114
what does the vastus medialis muscle do?
extends shank
115
what does the external oblique muscle do?
compress abdomen, arches back
116
what does the iliacus muscle do?
flexes hip, rotates thigh outward
116
what does the psoas major muscle do?
flexes hip, rotates thigh outward
117
what does the pectineus muscle do?
adducts hindlimb, flexes hip
117
what does the rectus femoris muscle do?
extends shank
118
what does the mouth of a pig include?
hard plate, soft plate, tongue
119
what is beneath soft plate in pigs?
nasopharynx
120
what is the digestive tract of pigs?
mouth → esophagus → stomach → duodenum → small intestine → large intestine (colon, rectus) → anus
120
what are the organs in the female reproductive system in pigs?
mesovarium, ovary, oviduct, uterine horn, vagina, urogenital papillae
120
the nasopharynx connects to middle ear via what in pigs?
eustachian tubes
120
what organs are in the excretory system in pigs?
bladder, kidneys, rectum, ureter
120
what are the accessory digestive organs in pigs?
liver, gallbladder, pancreas
120
what does the epiglottis in the pig do?
flap that moves back and forth to cover/expose larynx
120
what is the larynx in pigs?
opening to trachea
120
what is urogenital papillae in pigs?
fleshy protuberance near opening to urogenital sinus
120
what is peritoneum in pigs?
lines abdominal cavity
120
what organs are in male reproductive syst in pigs?
bulbourethral gland, penis, scrotum, testis
121
what does the right atrium do?
thin-walled; gets deoxygenated blood from postcava and precava; sends blood to right ventricle
121
what does left atrium do?
sends oxygenated blood to left ventricle
121
what does the right ventricle do?
pumps blood from right atrium to pulmonary arties to by oxygenated by lungs
121
what does left ventricle do?
thick-walled; pumps blood from left atrium to aorta, which branches off into rest of systemic circuit
