AD unit 4 Flashcards
(244 cards)
1
Q
synapomorphies of Echinodermata
A
Pentaradial symmetry, Larvae bilaterally symmetrical; Calcium carbonate endoskeleton; WVS
2
Q
Common deuterostome characteristics?
A
blastopore doesn’t become mouth, enterocoelous development, radial indeterminate cleavage
3
Q
Echinodermata characteristics
A
Marine; benthic predators, detritivores, herbivores or suspension feeders
4
Q
what are Asteroidea?
A
sea stars
5
Q
Major Echinoderm Subgroups
A
Asteroidea, Ophiuroidea, Echinoidea, Holothuroidea, Crinoidea
6
Q
what are Ophiuroidea?
A
brittle and serpent stars
7
Q
what are Holothuroidea?
A
sea cucumbers
8
Q
what are Echinoidea?
A
urchins, sand dollars
9
Q
what is the skeleton of articulated plates made of in Asteroids?
A
calcium carbonate
10
Q
what are Crinoidea?
A
sea lillies
11
Q
what are the key features of the external anatomy of an Asteroid?
A
interambulacral + ambulacral regions; pper surface w pedicellariae (pincers on stalks); Mouth faces down, anus on top (aboral surface)
12
Q
what is the internal anatomy of an Asteroid?
A
body filled w perivisceral coelom (PVC)
13
Q
how does the WVS work?
A
Ends are tube feet; Radial canals run down arms in ambulacral grooves, Along radial canals are ampullae, 1 above each tube foot, Contract, tube feet expand/attach; relax and muscles contract, it moves; Ring canal (RC) encircles mouth; Stone canal connects RC to madreporite (sieve plate) on aboral surface
14
Q
what is the Water Vascular System?
A
coelomic tube system filled w seawater
15
Q
what are tube feet?
A
tentacles used for locomotion/prey capture
16
Q
what do asteroids eat?
A
17
Q
How do asteroids eat?
A
evert stomach thru mouth, no/small anus
18
Q
nervous system characteristics of Asteroids
A
nerve net w ring nerve under RC; radial nerve extends into each arm
19
Q
gas/waste characteristics of Asteroids?
A
occurs across tube feet; papullae aid respiration; PVC transports O2
20
Q
what is the hemal system in Asteroids?
A
21
Q
Ophiuroidea (brittle/serpent stars) general anatomy
A
5 slender arms w round central disk; Mouth w 5 jaws, madreporite on oral surface; no anus; Radial nerves covered by plates (closed ambulacral groove)
22
Q
what are Holothuroidea’s?
A
elongated, soft echinoids
23
Q
Echinoidea (urchins and sand dollars) general anatomy
A
Round/flattened _____ w spines, pedicellariae (small wrench/claw-shaped appendage w movable jaws (valves); Gonopores, madreporite, terminal tube feet open thru 5 apical plates; closed ambulacral groove
24
Q
what are Cuvierian tubules?
A
modified parts of respiratory trees; stick threadsd
25
What other animals have tripartite coeloms?
lophophorates, echinoderms
26
general anatomy of Holothuroidea's?
stone canal leads to internal madreporic bodies; respiratory trees for gas exchange
27
how are Cuvierian tubules used and what for?
28
what is Evisceration?
when harassed/stressed sea stars dump their guts
29
what are the 3 body regions of Hemichordata?
proboscis, collar, trunk - each w coelom
30
what are Pterobranchia?
marine colonial tube dwellers; deep sea
31
what are Enteropneusta?
marine benthic worms; solitary, acorn worms
32
how do Enteropneusta eat?
eat particles that stick to proboscis; water flows into mouth, out thru pharyngeal slits
33
where does gas exchange occur in Enteropneusta?
pharyngeal slits
34
Major synapomorphies of Chordata include:
notochord, postanal tail, endostyle, DHNC, pharyngeal slits/pouches
35
what is a notochord?
flexible dorsal skeletal rod, replaced by vertebrae in most verts
36
what are the major subgroups of Chordata?
Cephalochordata, Urochordata, vertebrata
37
what is a postanal tail?
vestigial, lost in few verts
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where in the endostyle in humans?
thyroid gland
39
what are lancelets?
suspension feeders in shallow, warm marine habitats
40
what is Cephalochordata?
lancelets
41
what diagnostic chordate features are found in Cephalochordate adults?
V-shaped myomeres
42
how do Ascidiacea reproduce?
cloning - form colonies; sexual - Hermaphroditic, occasional self fertilization; Tadpole larva w dorsal hollow nerve cord, tail, notochord
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what are myomeres?
segmented trunk muscles
44
what are Ascidiacea's?
Tunicates
45
what are 3 subgroups of Urochordata?
Ascidiacea, Thaliacea, Appendicularia (Larvacea)
46
Ascidiacea anatomy
covered by tough tunic; 2 siphons; water pumped into pharynx by oral siphon cilia; endostyle secretes mucus - water passes thru mucus, trapping food; Dorsally, mucus rope moved to esophagus; gas exchange in pharynx
47
what are the 2 siphons in Ascidiacea?
oral/incurrent, atrial/excurrent
48
what are the holes in tunicates?
stigmata
49
Vertebrate synapomorphies:
Distinct head w tripartite brain (fore/mid/hindbrain), cranium (skull); Neural crest; Neurogenic ectodermal placodes;
W-shaped myomeres
50
what are Thaliacea?
salps, pelagic urochordates that form large colonies
51
3 major extant subgroups of vertebrates?
lampreys, hagfish, gnathostomes
52
what are Appendicularia/Larvacea?
larvaceans; Pelagic, retain tadpole-like form as adults; Secrete large mucus “house” for filtering device, protection
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what is a Neural crest?
mass of cells lying along neural tube
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what are Neurogenic ectodermal placodes?
series of “plates” (thickenings) along neural tube
55
who were the earliest verts?
Haikouichthys, Myllokunmingia
56
when did Haikouichthys, Myllokunmingia live?
~530 myo
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Haikouichthys, Myllokunmingia characteristics
cranium, heart, W-shaped myomeres, but no bone
58
what are Cyclostomata?
Agnatha
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what groups are in Osteichthyes?
Actinopterygii; Actinistia, Dipnoi; Tetrapoda
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What animals are in Cyclostomata?
hagfish, lampreys
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what does Gnathostomata mean?
“jaw mouths”
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what groups are in Gnathostomata?
Placodermi, Chondrichthyes, Osteichthyes
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what are Placodermi?
extinct, heavily armored jawed fish
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what are Chondrichthyes?
sharks, skates, rays
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what are Actinopterygii?
ray-finned fish
66
what are Osteichthyes?
Euteleostomi; bony fish, tetrapods
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what are Actinistia, Dipnoid?
coelacanths, lungfish
68
what do Hox genes do?
control segment identity along body (critical in placement and number of limbs, vertebrae)
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how many Hox clusters do Cephalochordates have?
1
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how many Hox clusters do Hagfish and Lampreys have?
2
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how many Hox clusters do Gnathostomes have?
4
72
what are the neural crest and placodes and what do they do?
Form peripheral nervous system, cranium, adrenal glands, sense organs (nose, eyes, inner ear)
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what are Ostracoderms?
paraphyletic group of jawless fish - covered w body carapace or plates, many lack paired fins
74
what are Conodonts known from?
small, hard comblike “elements”
75
what are the early Gnathostomes?
Placoderms, Acanthodians
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what are placoderms?
armored, large (10 m)
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what are acanthodians?
most closely related to Chondrichthyes
78
what are the living fish?
Cyclostomata, Gnathostomata
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What are ”fish”? How would you define them?
aquatic vertebrates w gills, fins, dermal scales; w/o legs
80
what are Myxini?
hagfish "slime eels"
81
how many species are there of Myxini?
~70
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Myxini characteristics
marine scavenger/predators; Rasp off bits of food w tooth-covered tongue; no scale/vertebrae; fished to make eel skin leather
83
what are Petromyzontoidea?
lampreys
84
Petromyzontoidea characteristics
~40, half are blood parasites of fish; No scales, have small cartilaginous vertebral structures; Many spawn in FW – have filter-feeding ammocoete larvae
85
What is cartilage?
connective tissue made of collagen, elastin
86
what are the 2 groups of Chondrichthyes?
Holocephali, Elasmobranchii
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what are Holocephali?
chimaeras, ratfish; 1 gill opening on head
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Elasmobranchii characteristics
multiple gill openings on head; 5-7 gill slit pairs, no swim bladder
89
what are Elasmobranchii?
sharks, rays
90
shark characteristics
several groups, predators; placoid scales; include largest "fish"
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what are placoid scales?
cellular pulp covered by dentin, enamel
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Characteristics of bony fishes include:
Endochondral bone, swim bladder/lungs, most have gills covered w operculum
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Rays, skates characteristics
Dorsoventrally flattened, w large pectoral fins; Some w venomous tail barbs
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what is an Endochondral bone?
bone that replaces cartilage
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what are Osteichthyes?
Clade comprising bony fish and tetrapods; Includes Actinopterygii, Sarcopterygii
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what is bone made of?
calcium hydroxylapatite, Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2
97
Actinopterygii Diversity
Cladistia, Chondrostie, Neopterygii
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what are lepidotrichia?
fin rays; Bony, horny spines that support fins
99
What are Chondrostei?
sturgeons, paddlefish; some bone, mostly cartilage
100
what are Neopterygii?
all other ray-finned fish
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what are Cladistia?
bichirs, reedfish
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what groups are in Neopterygii?
Holostei, Telostei
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What taxa are in Holostei?
bowfins, gars
104
What are Actinistia?
2 coelacanth species
105
what are Apoda?
Gymnophiona, caecilians
106
what are Teleostei?
possess flexible cycloid or ctenoid scales; have homocercal tail - vertebral column doesn't extent into tail; bladder buoyancy control w swim bladder (gas-filled esophageal pouch)
107
what are Dipnoi?
6 lungfish species
108
what are tetrapods?
animals w 4 feet, legs or leglike appendages; legless groups (snakes) derived from “legged” ancestors
109
Synapomorphies of Tetrapoda:
Limbs w carpals, tarsals, digits (fingers/toes); Well-developed pectoral, pelvic skeletons; Loss of connection between skull, pectoral girdle (clavicles/scapulae in humans)
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what groups are in Lissamphibia?
Caudata, Anura, Apoda
111
what are the major tetrapod groups?
Lissamphibia, Amniota
112
Characteristics of sarcopterygian fish
Have central appendage in fins that contains bones, muscles; flexible fins to support body; diphycercal tail
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Where do coelacanths and lungfish live?
114
what are Anura?
frogs, toads
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what are Caudata?
Urodela, newts, salamanders
116
What groups are in Amniota?
Synapsida, Diapsida
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what are Synapsida?
mammals, "mammal-like reptiles"
118
what are Diapsida?
lizards, snakes, dinosaurs, crocodiles, birds, turtles
119
when did tetrapods arise?
Devonian Period, 380 mya
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what is the pulmonary circuit?
deoxygenated blood to lungs and back
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what were the environmental conditions during the Devonian Period?
unstable FW habitats, prone to drying out; lungs allowed O2 to be acquired; double circulation in tetrapods arose; pulmonary and systemic circuits
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what are some tetrapod relatives (fossils)?
Eusthenopteron, Tiktaalik
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Eusthenopteron characteristics
~385 mya; Pectoral girdle attached to skull; Lobe-finned fish w humerus, radius, ulna in anterior fins
124
Tiktaalik characteristics
~375 mya, sister group to Tetrapoda; Anterior fins w functional wrists, but w fin rays; Flat head that could move independently of shoulders; had neck
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what are some tetrapod fossils?
Acanthostega, Ichthyostega
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Acanthostega characteristics
~365 mya; no fin rays, 8 digits in forelimb
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Ichthyostega characteristics
~365 mya; 7 digits in hindlimb; More robust limbs than Acanthostega (partly terrestrial?)
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when were early tetrapods diversified?
Carboniferous period ~354 - 290 mya
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what 2 lineages did Tetrapoda give rise to?
Amniota, Temnospondyli
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what are Lissamphibia?
Tetrapods w moist, scaleless skin
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Lissamphibia characteristics
mucus glands in skin to keep it moist; gas exchange occurs in skin, some have poison glands; 4 limbs, forelimbs w 4 digits; All carnivorous as adults; ear modifications to detect airborne
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what amphibians lack digits as adults?
some salamanders, all caecilians
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what does Anura mean?
no tail
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Apoda characteristics
Gymnophiona; ~180; limbless burrowers in tropics, many blind as adults; have pair of tentacles on head
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Anura characteristics
~5000; lack tails as adults; adults specialized for jumping (large hind limbs)
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Caudata
~500; Have tails, limbs generally of equal size
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what does Gymnophiona mean?
naked snake
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Amphibian respiration
aquatic stages have external gills; terrestrial stages have lungs
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what is pedomorphosis?
retention of juvenile traits into adulthood; some salamanders become sexually active while retaining gills, aquatic lifestyle
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life cycle of amphibians characteristics
metamorphic; aquatic larvae → terrestrial adult; pedomorphosis is common
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what is Amniota?
clade that includes "reptiles", birds, mammals
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Mating/fertilization of frogs
males vocalize to attract females; ( aka amplexus), fertilize eggs externally; some brood offspring in male's vocal pouch or in several small pouches/1 big pouch on females back
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what is amplexus?
males clasp females
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Synapomorphies of Amniota:
Extraembryonic membranes (chorion, allantois); Amnion, shell support embryo, limit water loss - shell is leathery, calcified; Thick, keratinized skin (limits water loss) – costal (rib) ventilation of lungs
145
what do extraembryonic membranes in Amniotes do?
allow gas exchange w external environment, waste storage
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what is Synapsida (clade)?
mammals, "mammal-like reptiles"
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what are the only living temnospondyls?
amphibians
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what are Testudines?
(Anapsida) turtles, tortoises
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what happens in frog metamorphosis?
aquatic tadpoles grow limbs, absorb tail, develop lungs, absorb gills
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what type of development to terrestrial species have?
direct (no larvae)
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Mating/fertilization of salamanders
male deposits spermatophore, female picks it up - internal fertilization
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Characteristics of Non-Avian Reptiles:
tough, scaly skin + strong jaws; internal fertilization + amniotic egg formation; water conservation (excretion) - secrete uric acid instead of urea/ammonia and salts via salt glands
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What do Synapsida, Diapsida and Anapsida refer to?
amount of holes (temporal fenestrae) they have in their skull
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how many holes do anapsids have in their skulls?
0
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how many holes do Synapsids have in their skulls?
1 pair
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how many holes do Diapsids have in their skulls?
2 pairs
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what are the scales of non-avian reptiles made of?
hydrophobic lipids, beta keratin
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what does oviparous mean?
egg-laying
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What do all characteristics of Non-avian reptiles have in common?
beneficial for live in terrestrial (some arid) environments
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what extinct groups are in Diapsida (Lepidosauria)?
Ichthyosaurs, Plesiosaurs
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what are Lepidosauria?
snakes, lizards
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what groups are in Diapsida?
Testudines, Lepidosauria, Archosauria
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characteristics of Testudines
body enclosed in dorsal carapace + ventral plastron - vertebral column + ribs fused w carapace; oviparous; after mating, females bury eggs, nest temp determines offspring
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what groups are under Lepidosauria?
Sphenodontia, Squamata
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what are Sphenodontia?
tuatara are only living members; 1 living species of lizard like animals in New Zealand; parietal eye w lens + retina on head
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what are Archosauria?
crocs, dinos, birds
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Crocodilia characteristics
23 species; crocs, gaters, caimans, gharials; 4 chambered heart w palatal valve (secondary plate)
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what does the palatal valve do in Crocodilia?
keeps water out of throat during diving
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what are Squamata?
lizards, snakes, “worm lizards”
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what is a kinetic skull?
joints in skull allow snout to be tilted up
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Squamata characteristics
kinetic skull
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what are the 3 squamate groups?
Amphisbaenia (worm lizards), Sauria (lizards), Serpentes (snakes)
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lizard characteristics
~5000; broadly distributed, ecologically diverse; small insectivores to large herbs/carnivores
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snake characteristics
~3000; lack pectoral, pelvic girdles, moveable eyelids and external ears; 20% venomous - have pit organs on head to find warm blooded prey
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what groups are in Archosauria?
Crocodilia, Dinosauria
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Dinosauria major groups
Ornithischia, Saurischia
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Synapomorphies of Aves:
Asymmetric wing, tail feathers; forelimbs modified as wings
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what animals are in Ornithischia?
Stegosaurus, Triceratops
179
Similarities of birds and theropod dinosaurs include:
mobile, S-shaped neck; foot w 3 forward toes, 1 backward toe; hollow bones
180
what animals are in Saurischia?
Sauropods, Tyrannosaurs
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What do we call group that includes Paleognathae except tinamous?
ratites
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what is an extinct group in Aves?
Archaeopteryx
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what are living birds called?
Neornithes
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what animals are in Paleognathae?
ostriches, rheas, emus, cassowaries, kiwis, tinamous
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feathers are modified scales used for what?
flight, insulation, displays, camo, waterproof
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what do feathers consist of?
quill, shaft, barbs, barbules
187
feathers are usually made of what protein and are in what other things?
beta keratin , found in reptile scales, turtle shells, porcupine quills
188
what are down feathers for?
insulation
189
what are contour feathers?
main body feathers, includes remiges and rectrices (wing, tail flight feathers)
190
characteristics of skeleton and muscles of birds
flight is metabolically demanding - skeleton, muscles, respiration are highly modified
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what does pneumatized mean?
filled w air spaces, light but strong
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Other skeletal and muscular modifications of birds
no teeth (keratinous beak); most vertebrae, pelvis, pectoral girdle, sternum are fused, large keel on sternum; forelimb bones highly modified
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avian respiration characteristcs
tube-like parabronchi in lungs, 9 air sacs
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what do parabronchi do?
allow 1 way air flow thru lungs (countercurrent exchange; efficient way to extract oxygen)
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circulation characteristics of birds
4-chambered heart
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excretion characteristics in birds
excrete nitrogenous wastes as uric acid, better at water conservation than mammals; marine birds secrete salt via salt glands in their head
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what is flight good for?
escape from predators, access to food, fast travel; wings provide lift, minimize drage
198
what do birds use wing slots for?
avoid stalls
199
what are the types of wings?
elliptical, high-speed, dynamic (active) soaring and high-lift (passive soaring)
200
what are the 2 forms of slotting?
spaces between primary (wing-tip) feathers; anula (feathers on thumbs)
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why do most birds fly south in fall and north in spring?
hard winter conditions, raise young in protective area, reduce comp, lower nest predation
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mating characteristics of birds
most monogamous (cheating is common); some polygynous; parental care shared by both parents
203
what does polygynous mean?
males mate w many females; compete for mates w displys/dances
204
what is Mammalia the only surviving group of?
Synapsida
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what does Mammalia include?
Monotremata, Theria
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when did mammals diverge?
~310 mya
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What is Monotremata?
egg laying mammals
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what groups are in Theria?
Metatheria, Eutheria
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what are in Metatheria?
(Marsupialia), marsupials
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what are in Eutheria?
(Placentalia), all other mammals (placental)
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when were Synapsids dominant on land?
Permian Period, ~290 - 248 mya
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what are homodont teeth?
have same shape
213
what were early synapsids called?
Pelycosaurs (Dimetrodon), had homodont teeth and low metabolic rate
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what do the evolution of therapsids/cynodonts show?
erect gait (limbs under body); increased heterodonty; appearance of turbinate bones in nasal cavity; secondary palate
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what therapsid group survived Permian-Triassic extinction?
Cynodonta
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what does the secondary palate do?
separates nasal passages from mouth
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what are hair and fur made of?
alpha keratin
218
what are synapomorphies of mammals?
hair/fur, diphyodont teeth, sweat (mammary) glands, dentary-squamosal jaw articulation
219
what are diphyodont teeth?
2 sets of teeth (deciduous and permanent)
220
what is Dentary-squamosal jaw articulation?
Jaw joint consists of lower jaw bone - dentiary, small bone-squamosal; 2 other jawbones became inner ear bones in mammals
221
what are the inner ear bones in heterodonts?
incus, quadrate malleus, articular
222
Characteristics of monotremes
Lay eggs, 1 opening (cloaca) for excretion/reproduction; leathery bill/beak w electrosensory receptors
223
What structures do male platypuses have on hindlegs?
venomous spurs
224
Theria characteristics
~300, pouches; short gestation in womb - young climb to pouch to continue growth; largely isolated in Australia 35-50 mya
225
what are the major groups of marsupials?
Diprotodontia, Dasyuromorphia, Didelphimorphia
226
what animals are in Diprotodontia?
kangaroos, koalas, wombats
227
what animals are in Dasyuromorphia?
Tasmanian devil, thylacine
228
what animals are in Didelphimorphia?
opossums
229
why are there similar body forms in marsupials and eutherians
convergent evolution
230
Theria (Eutheria/Placentalia) characteristics
most diverse mammal clade (~4000) - primates, rodents, whales, carnivores; placental mammals - gestation in uterus, nutrients supplied by placenta, young developed at birth
231
what is hair produced by?
hair follicles
232
hair characteristics
used for insulation, camo/displays, waterproofing; usually molted 2x year
233
what are some hair modifications?
vibrissae (whiskers) and porcupine spines
234
what does the eccrine gland do?
Watery secretion (hairless areas); evaporative cooling
235
what are the 2 types of sweat glands?
eccrine and apocrine
236
what does the apocrine gland do?
smelly secretions (armpit/pubic regions); chemical communication
237
what are the 4 main types of mammal teeth?
...
238
what do sebaceous glands do?
produce oily sebum; lubricates/waterproofs hair and skin; can produce scents
239
how did mammal digestive system evolve w diet?
cellulose is hard to digest, micros produce cellulases; some herbivores engage in coprophagy, others are ruminants w 4-chambered heart
240
what are claws, nails and hooves?
accumulations of keratin on tips of digits
241
how are horns and antlers used?
male competition and social displays
242
what are true horns?
keratinized epidermis over bone core
243
true horns characteristics
only in Bovidae (sheep, antelopes, goats, cattle), not shed after breeding season
244
