AdamsPsych_1 Flashcards
(21 cards)
What is the ambiguity effect?
The ambiguity effect is a cognitive bias where people tend to avoid options for which the probability of a favorable outcome is unknown. This bias leads individuals to prefer choices with known probabilities over those with unknown probabilities, even when the unknown option might potentially offer a better outcome.
What is anchoring?
Anchoring is a cognitive bias where individuals rely too heavily on an initial piece of information (the ‘anchor’) when making decisions. This first piece of information serves as a reference point, influencing subsequent judgments and estimates.
First price seen anchors negotiation
What is the availability heuristic?
The availability heuristic is a mental shortcut that relies on immediate examples that come to mind when evaluating a specific topic, concept, method, or decision. People tend to overestimate the likelihood of events that are easily remembered or recently experienced.
Jaws and shark attacks
What is an availability cascade?
An availability cascade is a self-reinforcing cycle where a collective belief gains increasing plausibility through its rising availability in public discourse.
What is the backfire effect?
The backfire effect occurs when presenting evidence against a belief actually strengthens that belief, contrary to the intent of the evidence. Factors contributing to this bias include emotional defensiveness, social group dynamics, and the intertwining of beliefs with personal identity
What is the bandwagon effect?
The bandwagon effect is a psychological phenomenon where people do something primarily because others are doing it, regardless of their own beliefs.
What is the Barnum effect?
The Barnum effect, also known as the Forer effect, is the tendency for individuals to accept vague, general personality descriptions as uniquely applicable to themselves.
What is base rate neglect?
Base rate neglect is a cognitive error where people tend to ignore general statistical information (base rates) in favor of specific, individual cases.
What is belief bias?
Belief bias is the tendency to evaluate the logical strength of an argument based on the believability of its conclusion rather than its actual logical validity. Comfort over accuracy
What is the bias blind spot?
The bias blind spot refers to the tendency for individuals to recognize cognitive biases in others while failing to see them in themselves.
What is choice-supportive bias?
Choice-supportive bias is the tendency to remember one’s choices as better than they actually were.
What is the clustering illusion?
The clustering illusion is the tendency to see patterns in random events where none actually exist.
What is confirmation bias?
Confirmation bias is the tendency to search for, interpret, favor, and recall information in a way that confirms or supports one’s prior beliefs or values.
What is congruence bias?
Congruence bias is the tendency to test hypotheses exclusively through direct testing, instead of considering alternative hypotheses.
What is the conjunction fallacy?
The conjunction fallacy is a formal fallacy that occurs when people judge a specific condition as more probable than a general one.
What is conservatism in Bayesian terms?
Conservatism, in Bayesian terms, refers to the tendency to revise one’s belief insufficiently when presented with new evidence.
What is conservatism or regressive bias?
Conservatism or regressive bias is the tendency to underestimate high values and overestimate low values when making estimates or predictions.
What is the contrast effect?
The contrast effect is the enhancement or diminishment of a perception when compared with a recently observed contrasting object or experience.
What is the curse of knowledge?
The curse of knowledge is a cognitive bias that occurs when an individual, communicating with others, unknowingly assumes that they have the background knowledge to understand.
What is the decoy effect?
The decoy effect, also known as the asymmetric dominance effect, occurs when preferences between two options change due to the addition of a third, less attractive option.
