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Biology year 1 wjec > adaptation for nutrition > Flashcards

adaptation for nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

how is food digested in the buccal cavity/mouth

A

mechanical nutrition-food chewed, increase sa for enzymes. Saliva is mixed in -chemical digestion. saliva contains amylase HCO3- and CO32- ions give a slightly alkaline PH-optimum for amylase. mucus lubricates food passing down oesophagus.

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2
Q

what is the role of the stomach in digestion

A

mechanical digestion by contractions of stomach wall-secretes gastric juice.

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3
Q

what does gastric juice contain

A

hydrochloric acid- PH2 optimum for enzymes and kills bacteria.
-pepsinogen-inactive form of pepsin-an endopeptidase activates by H+ ions hydrolysing proteins to polypeptides.

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4
Q

what is the role of mucus in the stomach

A

forms a lining which protects the stomach wall from enzymes and lubricates food.

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5
Q

what are specialised cells in gastric gland

A

goblet cells-produce mucus.
-oxyntic cells-produce hydrochloric acid.
-chief/peptic cells-produce pesinogen.

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6
Q

what organ produces bile

A

liver

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7
Q

how does bile enter he duodenum,

A

bile is secreted from gall bladder into duodenum via the bile duct.

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8
Q

what is the function of bile salts

A

emulsify lipids by lowering their surface tension and break up globules into smaller ones to increase sa for lipase digestion .

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9
Q

bile is alkaline what is the function of this

A

neutralises acid in food from stomach producing a suitable PH for enzyme action .

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10
Q

in the pancreas what secretes pancreatic juice

A

islet cells

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11
Q

what does pancreatic juice contain

A

sodium hydrogen carbonate ions-raises pH to neutralise stomach acid.
-amylase-starch to maltose.
-lipase
-trypsinogen-is an endopeptidase activated by enterokinase and hydrolyses proteins to polypeptides.
-enterokinase-trypsinogen-trypsin.

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12
Q

what are endopeptidaases-

A

hydrolyses proteins to peptides.

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13
Q

what are exopeptidases

A

hydrolyses peptide bonds at the end of protein to amino acids.

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14
Q

in the small intestine how is food lubricated.

A

mucus from goblet cells. it is neutralised by alkaline secretions from brunner glands at the base of the crypts of Lieberkühn in the lining of small intestine.

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15
Q

epithelial cells in the crypts of Lieberkühn secrete enzymes, what are these

A

dipeptidases-dipeptides to amino acids.
-maltase
-sucrose
-lactase
-exopeptidases-peptides to amino acids.

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16
Q

how are amino acids absorbed

A

absorbed by epithelial cells by active transport.
-then go into capillaries by facilitated diffusion.
-they are water soluble so dissolve in plasma
-transported via the hepatic portal vein into liver.

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17
Q

how is glucose absorbed

A

passes into epithelial cells with sodium ions by co transport.
-sodium moves into capillaries by active transport
-glucose moves into capillaries by facilitated diffusion.
- dissolve in plasma.
-some glucose is transported by active transport as facilitated diffusion is slow . Is transported via hepatic portal vein to liver.

18
Q

how are lipids absorbed

A

fatty acids and glycerol diffuse into epithelial cells and reassembled into triglycerides
-proteins are combined to form chylomicrons.
-these moves into lacteals by exocytosis
-carried via lymphatic system to blood and enter the blood via the thoracic duct at the subclavian vein.

19
Q

how is vitamin b and c absorbed

A

water soluble so absorbed into blood.

20
Q

how are vitamins A,D and E absorbed

A

fat soluble so absorbed into lacteals.

21
Q

what happens in the large intestine-colon

A

undigested food mucus and bacteria pass into colon,
-absorbs water.-vitamin K and folic acid secreted by mutualistic bacteria living here.
-these are absorbed.

22
Q

what is ingestion

A

taking food through mouth

23
Q

what is digestion

A

breakdown of large insoluble molecules into soluble molecules small enough to be absorbed.

24
Q

what is assimilation

A

incorporation of products of digestion into the structures of an organism .

25
Q

what is egestion

A

elimination of waste not made by the body including undigested food e.g cellulose.

26
Q

what is the serosa

A

has a layer of connective tissue -protects gut wall and reduces friction of organs.

27
Q

what is the function of longitudinal and circular muscle

A

cause peristalsis.
-circular muscle contracts , longitudinal relax.

28
Q

what is the submucosa

A

-las layer of connective tissue containing blood and lymph vessels for absorption and nerves that control muscle.

29
Q

what is the function of mucosa

A

secretes mucus to lubricate and protect mucosa and can also secrete digestive juices.

30
Q

what is role of epithelium

A

secretes substances into lumen.

31
Q

what is a chemoautotroph

A

synthesise food using inorganic energy e.g sulphur and ammonia-present in bacteria and archaea.

32
Q

what is a heterotrophic

A

digest organic molecules produces by other organisms -saprotrophic, holozoic and parasitic.

33
Q

what is a saprotrophic

A

include all fungi and some bacteria.
-feed on dead/decaying matter -secrete enzymes onto food material and absorb the soluble products -extracellular digestion

34
Q

what is a halozoic

A

food taken into body and Brocken down with a specialised digestive system.
-molecules absorbed and used by cells.

35
Q

how is food digested in Amoeba

A

food molecules absorbed by phagocytosis and form a vacuole. digestive enzymes are then released into tis vacuole -digestion occurs intracellularly and products diffuse into cytoplasm.

36
Q

how is food digested in hydra

A

have an undifferentiated gut with a single opening.
-food ingested through mouth into digestive cavity where enzymes are released. breakdown occurs extracellularly
-food particles engulfed into cells lining cavity . Further digestion occurs inside thee cells.

37
Q

what is the function of the lacteal

A

perform nutrient absorbtion especially lipds, they act as a passgae to transport in the form of lipoproteins into lymphatic system.

38
Q

what are the two types of parasite

A

ectoparasite-live on outside of hot.
endoparasite-inside host.

39
Q

what is the role of the rumen in ruminants-

A

food is mixed with microbes that secrete enzymes to digest cellulose into glucose. This is fermented to organic acids that provide an energy source.

40
Q

what is the role of reticulum,

A

cud formed and is regurgitated to mouth.

41
Q

what happens in the omasum,

A

water and organic acids absorbed into blood

42
Q

what happens in the abomasum (true stomach)

A

protein digested by pepsin

Biology year 1 wjec (14 decks)

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