Adaptation for nutrition Flashcards
(36 cards)
Why can headlice only infest a new host by close contact?
Absence of long legs so cannot jump
Endopeptidase
Hydrolysis peptide bonds within a protein - hydrolyses non-terminal bonds
Exopeptidase
Hi Julie peptide bonds at ends of protein— hydrolyses terminal bonds
A mix of endopeptidase and exopeptidase
Endopeptidase creates more ends for exopeptidase
Similarities between a parasite and a saprotroph
Both are heterotrophic
Mesophyte
Xerophyte
Hydrophyte
Adapted to conditions of adequate water supply
Adapted to conditions where water is scarce
Adapted to aquatic conditions
Adaptations of xerophyte
Sunken stomata to reduce the diffusion gradient
Fewer stomata and fewer gaps for water loss
Thick cuticle to reduce water loss
Fibres to provide support and prevent wilting
Adaptation of hydrophyte
Cuticle is thin as there is no need to reduce water loss
Stomata on upper surface for gas exchange with air
Air spaces to provide buoyancy for photosynthesis
Little to no xylem and water provide support
What is it called when herbivores premolars and molars connect
Interlocking
Where does digestion of lipids begin?
Duodenum
Where does digestion of proteins begin
Stomach
Why would shortening of Veli lead to weight loss and diarrhoea?
Shortening of the villi reduces surface area so less enzymes so reduce digestion leading to weight loss
This leads to a lower water potential in lumen so water moves from cells into lumen leading to diarrhoea
Why is it important that pepsin is produced in an inactive form and why is it necessary that hydrochloric acid and pepsinogen are produced by separate cells?
Hydrochloric acid convert pepsinogen into Pepcid
Prevents pepsin being activated inside cells
Pepsi would hydrolyse proteins within the stomach wall cells
Function of goblet cells
To produce or secrete mucus
The advantage of the stomach reducing endopeptidase and the duodenum producing EXO peptides
Endopeptidase are secreted before exopeptidase
Endopeptidase hydrolyse non-terminal peptide bonds
This provides more terminal ends for the exopeptidase
How would the shortening of the villi in the epithelium result in diarrhoea and fatigue
Reduced the surface area for the production of enzymes so less digestion occurs
Less glucose absorbed, therefore less respiration which leads to fatigue
Less water is absorbed, resulting in diarrhoea
How are proteins digested and made available to the muscle of the herbivore?
Pepsi in stomach hydrolysis peptide bonds breaking down polypeptides into shorted chains of amino acids
The pancreas produces protease such as trypsin which breaks down polypeptide chains into shorter chains
cells in small intestine secrete peptidase which complete their breakdown of polypeptides into amino acids
Endopeptidase supplies terminal ends for the exopeptidase to breakdown
Amino acids absorbed into the blood from small intestine transported to the muscles
Protein requirement of a cow
Large number of bacteria are produced in the three chambers of the stomach
They make protein using urea
When the bacteria passes into the true stomach, they are killed by the acids
Proteins in bacteria are then digested and absorbed
Protein requirement in horse
Horse do not have saliva containing urea
This explains why horses need more protein in foods than cows
In horses, the bacteria are found in the large intestine
Protein in these bacteria are lost in the faeces because no digestion or absorption takes place in the large intestine
This also explains why horse manure has high levels of organic nitrogen
State the meaning of the term heterotrophic organism
Organism that requires a source of organic chemicals for their nutrition
Describe the process of saprotrophic nutrition in fungi
Secretion of enzymes
Extra cellular digestion of dead organic matter
Absorption of small molecules
How does pepsin and trypsin digest proteins into short chain peptides?
Endopeptidase that break peptide bonds within the protein
Why pepsin and trypsin are secreted as precursor molecules and state how they are activated
To prevent autolysis tissues
Pepsi is activated by hydrochloric acid
How the shortening of Veli can cause poor growth rates in children
Reduce the surface area for final stage of digestion of disaccharides and dipeptides so a reduced absorption of amino acids required for growth
