Adaptations for gas exchange Flashcards
(26 cards)
Purpose of having an internal system
Reduce water loss
The purpose of having a nasal cavity or atrial cavity containing hair
Can filter air and trap dust
Why do mammals trachea have c shaped rings of cartilage?
Allows an increase in size of oesophagus caused by passage of food by peristalsis
Causes of pressure and volume change during inspiration in the alveolar & pleural pressure and lung volume
Expand in the rib cage lowers pleural pressure
Inner plural membrane pulls on the lungs
This increases the volume of the lungs
This decreases pressure in lungs below atmospheric pressure so air moves in
The function of gill rakers
Protects the gill filaments from debris
Why do fish suffocate when they are out of water?
Gills dry out when out of water
Filaments stick together
Reduced surface area for diffusion
Water needed for diffusion of gases
Two structural features of guard cells that are different from epidermal cells
Chloroplasts and unevenly thickened cell walls
To adaptations of the palisade mesophyll tissue for photosynthesis
Elongated cells so light can reach chloroplasts
Chloroplast contain chlorophyll to absorb light
What are 3 structures that allow the reactants of photosynthesis to reach the palisade mesophyll cells?
Stomata and spongy mesophyll and xylem
What are two structures that allow the products of photosynthesis to be moved from the palisade mesophyll cells?
Phloem and stomata
Advantage of stomata being open in the day
Allows for more carbon dioxide to enter the leaf for photosynthesis during the day which increases transpiration rate to provide water for photosynthesis
How is water moved across the gills?
Mouth opens and floor of buccal cavity lowers
Increase volume and decrease pressure in buckle cavity
Water enters the buckle cavity
Mouth closes and floor of buckle cavity raises
Decrease volume and increases pressure in buckle cavity
Water is forced over the gills
One adaptation of the gills for gas exchange
They have many gill filaments which provide a large surface area
Why is having a large number of capillaries an advantage?
Many capillaries maintain a steep concentration gradient
If the structures of the lungs of two animals are homologous, what conclusion can be made about their evolutionary history?
Share a common ancestor
Two advantages of the tracheal system
Reduces water loss
Oxygen supplied directly to the cells
How do mammals maintain their concentration gradient at their gas exchange surface?
Ventilation movements
Blood takes oxygen away from the respiratory surface
Why cellular demand for oxygen is lower in fish compared to a dog of the same size
Low body temperature
Metabolic rate is low
Less energy required for support as fish buoyant
What cells surround the guard cells?
Epidermal cells
Explain why as CO2 concentration increases tomato density decreases
Stomata open to allow CO2 to diffusion for photosynthesis
At higher CO2 concentrations, there is an increased rate of CO2 diffusion
Sufficient CO2 can be absorbed with fewer stomata
Therefore, less water is lost from the plant
Describe the process of inspiration in humans
External intercostal muscles contract and the rib cage moves upwards and outwards
The diaphragm contracts and flattens
This pulls on plural membranes
Increased lung volume which decreases lung pressure
Why would forced expiration be slower in unhealthy lung
Narrowing of bronchioles due to mucus
Why would less air be enforced out of the lungs and emphysema occur?
Elastic recoil is lost
What is the biological advantage for fungus secretion more potassium ions?
Stomata stay open for entry of fungi
Increases chances of fungus being able to infect the plant
