Adaptive Immune Response

Question 1

What method of cell killing do natural killer cells utilize?

Answer 1

Degranulation

Question 2

Where are naive t cells activated?

Answer 2

In a lymph node after contact with an antigen presenting cell

Question 3

What are the three methods of costimulation for activation of CD8+ cells?

Answer 3

1. APCs via B7 binding to CD28
2. CD4+ helper cells via cytokines
3. CD4+ helper cells increase APC activity via CD40L binding to CD40 on APC

Question 4

What changes occur upon activation from naive t cell to differentiated cytotoxic T lymphocytes?

Answer 4

1. Develop granules that are eventually released to kill cells
2. Ability to secrete IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha

Question 5

What is the importance of CD4+ T cells?

Answer 5

Although they do not directly kill infected cells they release critical cytokines

Question 6

What cytokine does CD4+ t cells release that activates macrophages?

Answer 6

IFN-gamma

Question 7

Which cytokines promote memory cells?

Answer 7

IL-7 and IL-15

Question 8

Where do central memory t cells reside?

Answer 8

Lymph nodes

Question 9

Where do effector memory t cells reside?

Answer 9

Peripheral tissue

Question 10

What is the most prevalent antibody in the mouth?

Answer 10

IgA

Question 11

How do NK cells recognize normal cells of the body so they don’t kill them?

Answer 11

Recognize self class I MHC (inhibited in infected cells)

Question 12

What are the two important components of the granules used by Nk cells and CTLs?

Answer 12

1. Perforin: allows for entry

2. Granzyme: induces apoptosis

Question 13

How do intracellular pathogens try to evade the immune response?

Answer 13

Prevent cell from expressing MHC 1 properly

*NK cell will then kill it due to no MHC I inhibition

Question 14

What are the two jobs of NK cells?

Answer 14

1. Produce cytokines (IFN-gamma)

2. Naturally kill microbes

Question 15

What is the process of a NK cell and macrophage working together to kill a microbe?

Answer 15

Macrophage phagocyticizes microbe -> produces IL-12 which stimulates NK cells -> NK cells release IFN-gamma -> macrophages kill microbes

Question 16

What typically binds to the NK cells inhibitory receptor to show that it is a healthy normal cell?

Answer 16

MHC I with a self peptide

Question 17

What is the role of CD8 and LFA-1 in CTL function?

Answer 17

They are accessory receptors.

CD8 binds to MHC class I
LFA-1 binds to ICAM-1

Question 18

What is FAS?

Answer 18

A molecule that can be used as an alternative killing method by CTLs

Question 19

___________ are made by _________ and constitute most of the defense against extracellular pathogens.

Answer 19

Antibodies; B cells

Question 20

T/F: Th2 immunity drives the antibody response.

Answer 20

TRUE

Question 21

Which molecules on a B cell bind? Which will signal?

Answer 21

IgM = binds

Igbeta and alpha = signal

Question 22

The B cell receptor can receive help from a ___________ receptor in order to activate the B cell.

Answer 22

Compliment

Question 23

Is the activation of 1 B cell receptor enough to activate a B cell?

Answer 23

NO

Question 24

What types of molecules can single handedly activate a B cell without T cell help?

Answer 24

Molecules with long repeats (can bind multiple B cell receptors). Ex. LPS

Question 25

____ is a T cell independent antibody and is often found in the blood early on in an infection.

Answer 25

IgM

Question 26

____ is a T-cell dependent antibody and is normally found several weeks after infection.

Answer 26

IgG

Question 27

What are the three major fates of B cells helped by Helper T cells?

Answer 27

1. IgM: antibody secretion 2. IgG: isotype switching 3. Memory B cells

Question 28

What is necessary for T-B cell binding?

Answer 28

CD40 binds to CD40L

Question 29

In the T and B cell relationship, what types of molecules determine the B cell fate?

Answer 29

Cytokines from T cell

Question 30

What cytokine leads to IgG production?

Answer 30

IFN-gamma

Question 31

What cytokine leads to IgE production?

Answer 31

IL-4

Question 32

Various cytokines lead to production of what antibody often found in the oral mucosa?

Answer 32

IgA

Question 33

Which antibodies can lead to complement activation?

Answer 33

IgM, IgG, IgA

Question 34

Which antibodies can lead to the neutralization of microbes and toxins?

Answer 34

IgM, IgA, IgG

Question 35

Which antibodies can opsonize and phagocytize microbes?

Answer 35

IgG

Question 36

Which antibodies can create antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity?

Answer 36

IgG, IgE

Question 37

T/F: Vaccination is passive immunization.

Answer 37

FALSE Active immunization

Question 38

What are the three types of live vaccines?

Answer 38

1. Live Attenuated 2. Heterologous 3. Live recombinant

Question 39

What are the pros and cons of live vaccines?

Answer 39

Pros: best response, inexpensive Cons: can't use in immunocompromised, fear of reversion to virulence

Question 40

What are the pros and cons of killed vaccines?

Answer 40

Pros: safer; no worry of virulence Cons: less effective immune response, expensive

Question 41

T/F: Vaccines are better at activating B cells than T cells.

Answer 41

TRUE