adaptive immune response Flashcards

(41 cards)

1
Q

3 ways CD8+ T cells can be activated

A
  1. APCs activate CD8+ T cells
  2. CD4+ T cells provide co-stimulation to activate CD8+ T cells
  3. CD4+ T cells help APCs activate CD8+ T cells
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2
Q

upon activation, naive CD8+ T cells differentiate into _____

A

cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs)

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3
Q

CTLs develop membrane bound granules that contain ____ and ____

A

perforin; granzyme

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4
Q

CTLs develop the ability to secrete cytokines, like ____ and _____

A

IFNgamma and TNFalpha

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5
Q

CTL induces ____ in target cell through ____

A

apoptosis; degranulation

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6
Q

CD4+ T cells produce ____ to activate macrophages

A

IFNgamma

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7
Q

CD4+ T cells produce cytokines to provide ____ for ____

A

co-stimulation; CD8+ T cell activation

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8
Q

CD4+ T cells produce cytokines to enhance activity of ____, which leads to more CD8+ T cell activation

A

APCs

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9
Q

some T cells will be retained as ____

A

long-lived memory cells

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10
Q

_____ promote long-lived memory cells

A

homeostatic cytokines (such as IL-7 and IL-15)

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11
Q

____ reside in the lymph nodes and ____ reside in the peripheral tissue

A

“central” memory T cells

“effector” memory T cells

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12
Q

____ drives the antibody response

A

Th2 immunity

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13
Q

the ___ immune response involves antibody production and ____ produce antibodies

A

humoral; B lymphocytes

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14
Q

in order for B cells to produce antibodies, they must become ____; ____ cannot produce antibodies

A

activated; naive B cells

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15
Q

B cells can be activated by ____

A

microbes

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16
Q

B cell receptor is an antibody molecule, usually ___

A

IgM

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17
Q

____ is also capable of activating B cells; involves ____ of immunoglobulin receptor (primarily IgM)

A

soluble antigen; cross-linking

18
Q

soluble Ag activating B cells typically involves antigens with _____ (e.g. LPS), but not proteins; primarily results in the production of ____

A

long repeating epitopes

IgM

19
Q

antibody isotype that can be, but is not always, T cell independent

20
Q

antibody isotype that is usually T cell dependent

21
Q

B cell exposure to microbes can result in changes in ____ and ____

A

phenotype; function

22
Q

B cell proliferation and differentiation leads to:

A
  1. antibody secretion
  2. isotype switching
  3. memory B cells
23
Q

early in the lymph nodes, B cells migrate to edge of ____ and into ____; T cells migrate to edge of ____

A

follicle; T cell zone; T cell zone

24
Q

activated B cells migrate back to the ____ in the lymph node, more specifically to the ____

A

follicle; germinal center

25
isotype or class switching of antibody is dependent upon interactions with ___ and ____
T cells; cytokines
26
If B cell is exposed to IFNgamma, it will differentiate into ___ subclasses
IgG (IgG1, IgG3)
27
If B cell does not get help from T cell and is not exposed to cytokine, it will primarily produce ____
IgM
28
If B cell is exposed to TGFbeta, it will differentiate into ____
IgA
29
most prevalent antibody isotype in the mouth
IgA
30
____ binds ____ IgA in the mucosa in the mouth, which then binds to ____
J chain; dimeric; poly-Ig receptor
31
____ and ____ take up residence in bone marrow and secondary lymph nodes respectively
long lived antibody producing plasma cells | memory B cells
32
IgM, IgG, and IgA antibodies are involved in:
1. neutralization of microbes and toxins | 2. complement activation
33
IgG antibody is involved in ____ and ____ of microbes
opsonization; phagocytosis
34
IgG and IgE antibodies have _____
antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity
35
effects of the complement cascade
1. lysis of microbes 2. phagocytosis of microbes opsonized with complement fragments 3. inflammation
36
____ is known as vaccination
active immunization
37
active immunization/vaccination induces ____ immunity, ____ and protection; it involves ____ or ____ vaccines
adaptive; immunological memory; "live" ; killed (inactivated)
38
_____ is accomplished by the passive injection of preformed antibodies
passive immunization
39
organisms whose virulence has been artificially reduced; does not cause clinical disease
live attenuated organisms
40
closely related organism of lesser virulence, which shares many antigens with the virulent organism
heterologous vaccines
41
Using genetic engineering, a gene coding for an immunogenic protein from one organism is placed in the genome of another (such as vaccinia virus)
live recombinant vaccines