Adaptive Immunity

Question 1

____ is specific, systemic, and has memory

Answer 1

adaptive immunity

Question 2

The two major cells of adaptive immunity are:

Answer 2

T and B cells

Question 3

The three types of T cells:

Answer 3

cytotoxic, regulatory, helper

Question 4

The two types of B cells:

Answer 4

plasma and memory

Question 5

B cell receptors ___ bind directly to antigens

Answer 5

can

Question 6

T cell receptors ___ bind directly to an antigen alone

Answer 6

cannot

Question 7

T cells require a ___ in order to bind

Answer 7

APC

Question 8

Class 1 MHC proteins are found on what cells?

Answer 8

all cells except RBC

Question 9

Class 2 MHC proteins are found on what cells?

Answer 9

macrophages, B cells, and dendritic cells

Question 10

CD_ proteins can bind with Class 1 MHC proteins

Answer 10

CD8

Question 11

CD_ proteins can bind to Class 2 MHC proteins

Answer 11

CD4

Question 12

What cells have CD8?

Answer 12

cytotoxic T cells

Question 13

What cells have CD4?

Answer 13

helper and regulatory T cells

Question 14

How are helper T and regulatory T cells activated?

Answer 14

Antigens are presented to them by APCs including macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells

Question 15

What 3 events are required for activate helper and regulatory T cells?

Answer 15

1- antigen presentation within a MHC protein on an APC
2- costimulus–binding of nonantigenic proteins of APC and helper/regulatory T cell
3-secretion of cytokines, IL1, and TNFalpha by APC

Question 16

Once helper T cells are activated, they can then activate and stimulate what 4 cell types?

Answer 16

dendritic cells, mast cells, B cells, and cytotoxic T cells

Question 17

Helper T cells secrete ___ which activates a CD8 cytotoxic T cell

Answer 17

IL-2

Question 18

Viral proteins produced within an infected cell and proteins produced by oncogenes in cancer cells can act as antigens to be an APC for what cells?

Answer 18

cytotoxic T cells

Question 19

What are the two things a cytotoxic T cell does once it recognizes an infected cell?

Answer 19

1-releases cytokines to attract other immune cells

2-destroys cells by either releasing perforins and granzymes or binding to Fas receptors and causing apoptosis

Question 20

____ T cells remain in the body after an infection

Answer 20

memory cytotoxic T cells

Question 21

Activated T helper cells secrete ___ and ___ which causes activation and proliferation of natural killer cells and macrophages

Answer 21

IL-2 and gamma interferon

Question 22

____ are immunoglobulins that can attach to antigens

Answer 22

antibodies

Question 23

What are the 5 classes of antibodies?

Answer 23

G, M, A, D, E

Question 24

The ____ ends of antibodies are identical for all immunoglobulins within a class

Answer 24

constant

Question 25

The ___ ends of antibodies are specific to each antigen

Answer 25

variable

Question 26

The ___ region can bind to other things like complement proteins, phagocytes, etc.

Answer 26

Fc

Question 27

The antibody isotype of a ___ changes during cell development and activation

Answer 27

B cell

Question 28

Immature B cells express only the ___ isotype on the surface of the cell

Answer 28

IgM

Question 29

Mature, naive B cells express both surface ___ and ___ isotypes, and the cell is ready to respond to antigen

Answer 29

IgM and IgD

Question 30

When a B cell is activated by an antigen, the B cell starts to produce the antibody in a ___ form rather than a ___ form

Answer 30

secreted; membrane bound

Question 31

Some ____ undergo isotype switching to IgE, IgA, or IgG so that each isotype can then be produced to fight a pathogen

Answer 31

daughter cells

Question 32

___ is secreted before IgG

Answer 32

IgM

Question 33

__ is the only antibody capable of crossing the placenta to give passive immunity to the fetus

Answer 33

IgG

Question 34

IgG and IgM bind to ___ and ___

Answer 34

bacteria and viruses

Question 35

___ binds to and activates basophils and mast cells, as well as binds to some bacteria

Answer 35

IgD

Question 36

___ is secreted by B cells in GI, respiratory, and urogenital tracts and is secreted in milk, saliva, and tears.

Answer 36

IgA

Question 37

IgA works with ___ to hydrolyze bacterial cell walls

Answer 37

lysozymes

Question 38

__ binds to allergens and works on multicellular parasites

Answer 38

IgE

Question 39

What are the 3 things that the Fc portion of an antibody can bind to?

Answer 39

1-C1 complement proteins (activates the complement pathway) 2-phagocytes (opsonization) 3-NK cells (antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity)

Question 40

What is the relationship between C1 complement protein and antibodies?

Answer 40

1- antigen binds to antibody 2- C1 binds to Fc region of antibody 3- classical complement is activated

Question 41

What is the relationship between antibodies and opsonization?

Answer 41

1-antigen binds to antibody 2-receptors on a phagocyte bind to Fc region of bound antibody 3-coats for phagocytosis

Question 42

What is the relationship between NK cells and antibodies?

Answer 42

1-?????

Question 43

____ is when antibody binds to bacterial exotoxins or viruses so that they cannot attach to cell receptors

Answer 43

neutralization

Question 44

___ is the clumping of cells

Answer 44

agglutination

Question 45

___ is when large insoluble complexes are formed

Answer 45

precipitation

Question 46

What are the three processes that enhance phagocytosis?

Answer 46

neutralization, agglutination, and precipitation

Question 47

When an antibody-antigen complex activates complement, it results in both ___ and ___

Answer 47

inflammation and cell lysis

Question 48

What are the two main functions of regulatory T cells?

Answer 48

1-maintain tolerance to self-antigens (destroy peripheral T or B cells that bind to self-antigen and prevent autoimmune response) 2-suppress the immune response (think of positive feedback to prevent ongoing immune response)

Question 49

Regulatory T cells release ___ and ___ which are inhibitory cytokines that act on other immune cells

Answer 49

interleukins and adenosine

Question 50

How do regulatory T cells regulate immune response? 5

Answer 50

1-reduce secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines 2-reduce expression of antigen-receptor complexes on APCs 3-adenosine causes increase in intracellular concentration of cAMP in cytotoxic and helper T cells (cAMP accumulation inhibits cell function) 4-transfer cAMP directly into Tc or Th cells via gap junctions 5-adenosine acts as an autocrine by increasing the number of regulatory T cells

Question 51

____ directly kill immune cells with granzymes and perforins

Answer 51

regulatory T cells

Question 52

Regulatory T cells also have receptors for what 2 things?

Answer 52

1-IL-2 (so that IL-2 can't activate other immune cells) | 2-antigen-receptor complex of APCs (so can't present antigens)

Question 53

____ is when you are actively producing antibodies after you have been infected by a pathogen

Answer 53

active naturally acquired immunity

Question 54

___ is when you are actively producing antibodies after an antigen is intentionally introduced into the body and memory is formed (vaccines)

Answer 54

active artificially acquired immunity

Question 55

___ is when you are NOT producing the actual antibodies but the antibodies have come from the mother--IgG through the placenta or IgA from breast milk

Answer 55

passive naturally acquired immunity

Question 56

___ is when you are NOT producing the actual antibodies but you have received an injection of antibodies after exposure to some toxin or exotoxin, or when an Rh- mother has an Rh+ fetus

Answer 56

passive artificially acquired immunity