Systemic Responses and Hypersensitivities

Question 1

In response to infection, increased ferritin production allows the ___ and ___ to sequester zinc and iron during a fever

Answer 1

liver and spleen

Question 2

In response to infection, immune cells secrete ___ to increase production of neutrophils and monocytes by bone marrow

Answer 2

colony-stimulating factors

Question 3

In response to infection, muscle, liver, and adipose tissue release ___ and ___ into the blood

Answer 3

amino acids and fatty acids

Question 4

Acute phase proteins are produced in the ___; during an infection, there is an increase in ____ acute phase proteins and a decrease in ____ acute phase proteins

Answer 4

liver; positive; negative

Question 5

Complement proteins, fibrinogen, plasminogen, clotting factors, and antitrypsin are ____ acute phase proteins

Answer 5

positive

Question 6

Antithrombin, albumin, and carrier plasma protiens are ___ acute phase proteins

Answer 6

negative

Question 7

___ minimizes tissue damage during the inflammatory response

Answer 7

antitrypsin

Question 8

___ prevents coagulation

Answer 8

antithrombin

Question 9

What two things cause the hypothalamus to respond during an infection?

Answer 9

stress and/or low levels of blood glucose

Question 10

The first response of they hypothalamus during an infection is to release ___`

Answer 10

corticoid-releasing hormone/ corticotropin-releasing factor

Question 11

CRH/CRF acts on the ____ to release adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)

Answer 11

anterior pituitary

Question 12

ACTH causes the adrenal cortex to release ____

Answer 12

cortisol

Question 13

The hypothalamus can also respond to infection by releasing ___ and ___ from the adrenal medulla

Answer 13

epinephrine and norepinephrine

Question 14

When cortisol is released it acts to decrease the activity of ___ cells and increase the activity of ___ cells

Answer 14

Th1; Th2

Question 15

What is the normal function of Th1 (Type 1 helper T cells)?

Answer 15

increases both cell-mediated immunity and antibody-mediated immunity

Question 16

What is the normal function of Th2 (Type 2 helper T cells)?

Answer 16

increases the activity of B cells, especially those secreting IgE antibodies, basophils, mast cells, and eosinophils

Question 17

Aside from cortisol’s effect on helper T cells, it also decreases the release of ____ in basophils and mast cells

Answer 17

inflammatory molecules like histamine

Question 18

When cortisol is present with epinephrine or norepinephrine, it stimulates ____ in the liver and skeletal muscles

Answer 18

glycogenolysis

Question 19

Cortisol also stimulates gluconeogenesis in the ___ and lipolysis in the ___ and ____

Answer 19

liver; liver and adipose tissue

Question 20

During response to infection, cortisol (increases/decreases) bone formation

Answer 20

decreases

Question 21

Pre-existing diseases, malnutrition, deficiences of essential vitamins and minerals, sleep deprivation, stress, and exercise (depending on intensity and duration), can all affect

Answer 21

immunity

Question 22

A ____ immunodeficiency is a genetic disorder in which part of the body’s immune system is missing or does not function properly

Answer 22

congenital/primary

Question 23

A ____ immunodeficiency is caused by another disease, drug treatment, or environmental exposure to toxins

Answer 23

acquired/secondary

Question 24

An autoimmune disease is when the immune system ____, and can be restricted to one organ or can be in many organs

Answer 24

attacks the body’s cells

Question 25

Type I diabetes and multiple sclerosis are examples of

Answer 25

autoimmune diseases

Question 26

In _____, the immune system attacks beta cells in the pancreas

Answer 26

Type I diabetes

Question 27

In ____, the immune system attacks the myelin of the CNS

Answer 27

multiple sclerosis

Question 28

What are 3 possible causes of autoimmune disease?

Answer 28

1-failure of clonal deletion in the thymus 2-failure of clonal inactivation in the periphery 3-the immune system attacks virus-infected body cells and so many cells are destroyed disease results

Question 29

____ are abnormal responses of immune cells to harmless allergens like dust, pet dander, foods, pollen, etc.

Answer 29

hypersensitivities

Question 30

Type I: immediate hypersensitivity is ____-mediated, specifically to _____ attaching to allergens

Answer 30

antibody-mediated; IgE antibodies

Question 31

In a Type I hypersensitivity reaction, __ cells present antigen to a ____ cell

Answer 31

B; helper T

Question 32

In Type I hypersensitivity, once the helper T cell has been presented antigen by a B cell, the helper T cell secretes ___ that stimulate B cells to produce IgE antibodies

Answer 32

cytokines

Question 33

The IgE antibody produced in Type I hypersensitivity reactions attaches to _____ or ___

Answer 33

mast cells or basophils

Question 34

When an antigen attaches to the antibody, the mast cell or basophil is triggered to release ____ cytokines

Answer 34

proinflammatory

Question 35

In a Type 1 hypersensitivity reaction, the initial contact with the antigen is considered the ____ stage where the plasma B cells create antibodies against the allergen which then attach to mast cells and basophils

Answer 35

sensitization

Question 36

In a subsequent response to a Type 1 hypersensitivity what occurs?

Answer 36

- antigen binds to antibody causing mast cell granules to release pro-inflammatory cytokines - capillaries have increased vascular permeability - mucus is released - respiratory passages constrict

Question 37

____ occurs when large amounts of proinflammatory cytokines are released and bronchial constriction, hypotension, and other symptoms occur

Answer 37

anaphylaxis

Question 38

What are some common causes of anaphylaxis?

Answer 38

medications, foods, insect stings, latex, exercise

Question 39

What do eosinophils do in a late phase reaction of Type I hypersensitivity?

Answer 39

eosinophils migrate to the inflamed area and secrete mediators to prolong the inflammatory response and sensitize the tissue (the eosinophils react like a multicellular parasite is present without the actual presence of one)

Question 40

Type II Cytotoxic Hypersensitivity is ___-mediated where antibodies bind to ____ and the immune system attacks the body's own cells

Answer 40

antibody; self-antigen

Question 41

What are some causes of autoimmune diseases?

Answer 41

1-genetic mutations in the body's cells yield new proteins that serve as antigens 2-normal body proteins are altered by combination of drugs/environmental factors and now appear "foreign" 3-body may encounter microbes whose antigens are close in structure to the body's own proteins

Question 42

_____ is commonly caused by Rh antibodies of a mother, usually affecting pregnancies after the first one

Answer 42

hemolytic disease of the newborn

Question 43

Why does hemolytic disease of the newborn not usually affect the first pregnancy?

Answer 43

during/after labor and delivery of the first newborn, the mother's blood mixes with fetal blood, exposing mother's blood to Rh antigen

Question 44

Hemolytic disease of the newborn only occurs in Rh_ mothers with Rh_ fetuses

Answer 44

Rh-; Rh+

Question 45

Type III immune-complex hypersensitivity reactions are ___-mediated reactions where antibodies attach to free antigens and cause ___

Answer 45

antibody; precipitation

Question 46

What are the two consequences of the immune-antigen complex created in a type III hypersensitivity reaction?

Answer 46

1-can trap in capillary walls, especially in the kidney glomerulus 2-can activate complement proteins, inducing an inflammatory response

Question 47

____ is an example of a type III hypersensitivity disease, where antibodies attach to injected proteins and precipitate

Answer 47

serum sickness

Question 48

Type IV delayed hypersensitivities are ___-mediated and take ___ to develop, and may develop granulomas

Answer 48

cell; 2-3days

Question 49

Type IV hypersensitivities occur independent of ____; there is an over-activation of T cells and macrophages

Answer 49

antibodies

Question 50

What are some examples of Type IV hypersensitivity reactions? (5 were given in lecture)

Answer 50

``` 1-contact dermatitis (poison ivy) 2-granulomatous inflammation 3-allograft rejection 4-graft-versus-host disease (bone marrow transplant) 5-some autoimmune diseases ```