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Adaptive Immunity Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the immunoglobulin derived cellular adhesion molecules?

A

ICAM1, ICAM2, CD2, CD4, CD8

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2
Q

what are the integrin family cellular adhesion molecules?

A

LFA-1, MAC-1, p190, p95

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3
Q

what are the selectins involved in cellular adhesion?

A

P, L, E

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4
Q

what are the vascular addressins involved in cellular adhesion?

A

GlyCAM1, CD34

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5
Q

what does CD2 on the T cell bind to?

A

LFA-3 on the APC

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6
Q

what does LFA-1 on the T cell bind to?

A

ICAMs 1 and 2 on the APC

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7
Q

what does ICAM-3 on the T cell bind to?

A

DC sign on the APC

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8
Q

what do selectins on the T cell bind to?

A

CD34 and GlyCAM1 on the APC

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9
Q

what is CD28?

A

costimulatory molecule for T cells, binds to B7 on the APC

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10
Q

what is CTLA-4?

A

negative costimulatory molecule that inhibits T cell proliferation, it binds very tightly to B7 on the APC and is stimulated by T cell activation

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11
Q

what is CD40?

A

CD40 is induced in B cells after they present T cells with MHC molecules, it binds to CD40L on the T cells (the CD40 is stimulated by cytokines from the activated T cells)

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12
Q

what is inside out signaling?

A

when you have weak interactions of integrins initially, when you get moderate binding of MHC and TCR, chemokines release from APC that bind to T cell and recruit integrin binders and cause high affinity integrin binding which stably binds the two cells together

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13
Q

what are SMACs?

A

supramolecular activation clusters - inner ring is receptor molecules (TCR, CD28, CD3, CD4/*) which outside ring is adhesion molecules

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14
Q

how does IL-2 receptor signaling work?

A

on the T cell you typically have IL-2Rbeta-gamma (common gamma chain), when T cell is activated you get upregulation of the alpha subunit as the release of IL-2, that way only activated cells actually gets the IL-2 signal

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15
Q

what is the cytokine that causes high affinity binding of integrins to promote leukocyte adhesion?

A

IL-8 (binds to GPCR on leukocyte)

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16
Q

what is the adhesion reaction occurring during rolling?

A

carbohydrate to E selectin on endothelial cell

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17
Q

what is the adhesion reaction occurring during leukocyte margination

A

LFA-1 on leukocyte binds to ICAM-1 on endothelial cell

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18
Q

what are the variable regions on the B cell light chain?

A

V and J

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19
Q

what are the variable regions on the B cell heavy chain?

A

V, D, and J

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20
Q

what is combinatorial diversity?

A

the diversity you get from recombining the Ig genes

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21
Q

what are the generic enzymes involved in VDJ recombinase complex?

A

DNA ligase IV, TdT, exonuclease

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22
Q

what are the lymphocyte specific enzymes that are part of the VDJ recombinase complex

A

RAG1 and 2

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23
Q

What is junctional diversity?

A

the diversity that comes from adding new dNTPs to the cut end of the splice site

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24
Q

in B cell maturation, which chain is made first?

A

heavy chain

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25
IgM?
first class of antibody made in primary immune response; fixes complement, DOES NOT cross the placenta
26
IgG?
main antibody in secondary (delayed) response; fixes complement, crosses the placenta, opsonizes bacteria, neutralizes bacterial toxins and viruses
27
IgD?
unclear function, found on B cell surface in serum
28
IgA?
prevents attachment of bacteria and viruses to mucus membranes; DOES NOT fix complement, released into secretions
29
IgE?
binds mast cells and basophils mediating type I hypersensitivity; also mediates immunity to worms by activating eosinophils
30
how do B cells eliminate self-reactive cells in bone marrow?
if they bind multivalently to self-antigen bound to a cell, they undergo apoptosis, if they bind to soluble antigen, they become anergic
31
which part of the T cell receptor is made first?
the beta chain is made first (VDJ), then alpha (VJ)
32
what does the pre TCR receptor stimulate?
1. stops beta chain recombination 2. starts alpha chain recombination 3. causes cell proliferation 4. causes CD8 and CD4 to br expressed (both)
33
what happens in positive T cell selection in the thymus?
``` the TCRs that bind to MHCs survive, those that can't bind to MHCs die it also causes choosing of CD8 or CD4 depending on if it encounters a class I or a class II ```
34
what part of MHC does CD4 bind to?
beta-2
35
what part of MHC does CD8 bind to?
alpha-3
36
what happens in negative T cell selection in the thymus?
eliminates thymocytes that bind too strongly to self-peptide MHC - this is central tolerance - only cells that are tolerant of self can survive
37
what cells mediate negative selection?
bone marrow derived dendritic cells and macrophages
38
where does negative selection occur?
coticomedullary jxn/medulla in the thymus
39
what are the types of MHC Class Is?
HLA-A, B, C
40
what are the types of MHC Class IIs?
HLA-DR, DP, DQ
41
what types of cells are MHC Class I's present in?
all cells except red blood cells
42
what types of cells are MHC Class II's present in?
professional antigen presenting cells like macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells
43
what type of inheritance do MHC's use?
codominat inheritance
44
what are the subunits of Class I MHC?
alpha 1, 2, 3 and beta2 microglobulin
45
what are the subunits of Class II MHC?
alpha 1 and 2, beta 1 and 2
46
what is the signal transduction pathway for T cell activation?
MHC binds to TCR and causes phosphorylation on CD3 and zeta chain ITAMs which causes sequestration of syk kinase Zap70, this leads to activation of NFAT, NFkB, and AP-1 which all work together to produce IL-2
47
what part of the MHC does CD8 bind to?
the alpha 3 region of Class I
48
what part of the MHC does CD4 bind to?
the beta2 region of Class II
49
describe the endogenous pathway of MHC production.
``` makes Class I MHCs endogenous proteins (viral or host) are ubiquitinated and sent to lysosome where they are broken up; you then transport the protein to the ER via TAP mechanism here it associates with the MHC; it eventually moves into the Golgi and into plasma membrane ```
50
describe the extracellular pathway of MHC production.
associated with MHC Class II; take up extracellular proteins into vesicles; then you male the actual Class II and move them to endosome where they associate with the peptide; move out to plasma membrane via golgi
51
what is the invariant chain?
it is what blocks any peptides from entering the MHC before it is ready
52
explain T cell localization to sites of injury
normally the T cell expresses selectins which bind to CD34 on lymph node high endothelial cells, effector T cells have lots of LFA-1 and VLA-4 which bind to ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 on endothelial cells at injury sites
53
describe memory T cell activation.
independent of costimulation by CD28; the secondary/memory response results in much more rapid clearance
54
what do cyclosporine and FK-506 do?
they inhibit calcineurin which directly blocks the activation of NFAT and therefore blocks the synthesis of IL-2
55
what does rapamycin do?
it blocks signal transduction from IL-2 receptor
56
what is Zap70 deficiency?
a rare AR immunodeficiency disease that is characterized by a complete lack of CD8+ cells and non-functional CD4+ cells
57
what are bacterial super-antigens?
bind TCR and MHC class II - with any antigen specifity leading to body-wide T cell activation (1/5) leading to toxic shock because of all of the cytokine release
58
what are mitogenic lectins?
carbs that mimic antigen and cross-link T cell receptors
59
what are some examples of mitogenic lectins?
concanavalin (ConA) and phythoheagglutinin (PHA) and pokeweed mitogen (PWM) **do not require APCs
60
what are some pharmocological T cell activators?
phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) in conjunction with ionomycin (block NF-kB, AP-2, and NFAT) stimulation doesn't require APCs
61
what factors cause differentiation into Th1 cell?
IFNgamma (macrophages/APC), IL-12 (NK cells)
62
what do Th1 cells do?
produce IFNgamma and help out innate immune system by improving macrophage function
63
what mediator causes Th2 differentiation?
IL-4
64
what do Th2 cells do?
they are needed for immune response against parasites and allergies; they also help B cells differentiate
65
what cytokines do Th2 produce to block Th1 cells?
TGF-beta and IL-10
66
what cytokines do TH1 cells produce to block Th2?
IFNgamma
67
what are the three pathways for CD8 cell activation?
APC binds directly to CD8 cell, binds to Th1 which increases IL-2 or B7 expression
68
what kinases phosphorylate BCR ITAMS on Ig alpha and beta?
blk, fyn, lyn
69
what is the BCR coreceptor that acts synergistically?
it binds to c3d complement
70
what do B-1 cells partake in?
TI b cell activation
71
first ab produced?
IgM
72
ab most important in secondary?
IgG

Fundamentals (11 decks)

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