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Fundamentals > Adaptive Immunity > Flashcards

Adaptive Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

what are the immunoglobulin derived cellular adhesion molecules?

A

ICAM1, ICAM2, CD2, CD4, CD8

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2
Q

what are the integrin family cellular adhesion molecules?

A

LFA-1, MAC-1, p190, p95

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3
Q

what are the selectins involved in cellular adhesion?

A

P, L, E

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4
Q

what are the vascular addressins involved in cellular adhesion?

A

GlyCAM1, CD34

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5
Q

what does CD2 on the T cell bind to?

A

LFA-3 on the APC

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6
Q

what does LFA-1 on the T cell bind to?

A

ICAMs 1 and 2 on the APC

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7
Q

what does ICAM-3 on the T cell bind to?

A

DC sign on the APC

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8
Q

what do selectins on the T cell bind to?

A

CD34 and GlyCAM1 on the APC

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9
Q

what is CD28?

A

costimulatory molecule for T cells, binds to B7 on the APC

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10
Q

what is CTLA-4?

A

negative costimulatory molecule that inhibits T cell proliferation, it binds very tightly to B7 on the APC and is stimulated by T cell activation

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11
Q

what is CD40?

A

CD40 is induced in B cells after they present T cells with MHC molecules, it binds to CD40L on the T cells (the CD40 is stimulated by cytokines from the activated T cells)

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12
Q

what is inside out signaling?

A

when you have weak interactions of integrins initially, when you get moderate binding of MHC and TCR, chemokines release from APC that bind to T cell and recruit integrin binders and cause high affinity integrin binding which stably binds the two cells together

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13
Q

what are SMACs?

A

supramolecular activation clusters - inner ring is receptor molecules (TCR, CD28, CD3, CD4/*) which outside ring is adhesion molecules

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14
Q

how does IL-2 receptor signaling work?

A

on the T cell you typically have IL-2Rbeta-gamma (common gamma chain), when T cell is activated you get upregulation of the alpha subunit as the release of IL-2, that way only activated cells actually gets the IL-2 signal

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15
Q

what is the cytokine that causes high affinity binding of integrins to promote leukocyte adhesion?

A

IL-8 (binds to GPCR on leukocyte)

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16
Q

what is the adhesion reaction occurring during rolling?

A

carbohydrate to E selectin on endothelial cell

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17
Q

what is the adhesion reaction occurring during leukocyte margination

A

LFA-1 on leukocyte binds to ICAM-1 on endothelial cell

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18
Q

what are the variable regions on the B cell light chain?

A

V and J

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19
Q

what are the variable regions on the B cell heavy chain?

A

V, D, and J

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20
Q

what is combinatorial diversity?

A

the diversity you get from recombining the Ig genes

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21
Q

what are the generic enzymes involved in VDJ recombinase complex?

A

DNA ligase IV, TdT, exonuclease

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22
Q

what are the lymphocyte specific enzymes that are part of the VDJ recombinase complex

A

RAG1 and 2

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23
Q

What is junctional diversity?

A

the diversity that comes from adding new dNTPs to the cut end of the splice site

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24
Q

in B cell maturation, which chain is made first?

A

heavy chain

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25
Q

IgM?

A

first class of antibody made in primary immune response; fixes complement, DOES NOT cross the placenta

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26
Q

IgG?

A

main antibody in secondary (delayed) response; fixes complement, crosses the placenta, opsonizes bacteria, neutralizes bacterial toxins and viruses

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27
Q

IgD?

A

unclear function, found on B cell surface in serum

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28
Q

IgA?

A

prevents attachment of bacteria and viruses to mucus membranes; DOES NOT fix complement, released into secretions

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29
Q

IgE?

A

binds mast cells and basophils mediating type I hypersensitivity; also mediates immunity to worms by activating eosinophils

30
Q

how do B cells eliminate self-reactive cells in bone marrow?

A

if they bind multivalently to self-antigen bound to a cell, they undergo apoptosis, if they bind to soluble antigen, they become anergic

31
Q

which part of the T cell receptor is made first?

A

the beta chain is made first (VDJ), then alpha (VJ)

32
Q

what does the pre TCR receptor stimulate?

A
  1. stops beta chain recombination
  2. starts alpha chain recombination
  3. causes cell proliferation
  4. causes CD8 and CD4 to br expressed (both)
33
Q

what happens in positive T cell selection in the thymus?

A 
the TCRs that bind to MHCs survive, those that can't bind to MHCs die
it also causes choosing of CD8 or CD4 depending on if it encounters a class I or a class II
34
Q

what part of MHC does CD4 bind to?

A

beta-2

35
Q

what part of MHC does CD8 bind to?

A

alpha-3

36
Q

what happens in negative T cell selection in the thymus?

A

eliminates thymocytes that bind too strongly to self-peptide MHC - this is central tolerance - only cells that are tolerant of self can survive

37
Q

what cells mediate negative selection?

A

bone marrow derived dendritic cells and macrophages

38
Q

where does negative selection occur?

A

coticomedullary jxn/medulla in the thymus

39
Q

what are the types of MHC Class Is?

A

HLA-A, B, C

40
Q

what are the types of MHC Class IIs?

A

HLA-DR, DP, DQ

41
Q

what types of cells are MHC Class I’s present in?

A

all cells except red blood cells

42
Q

what types of cells are MHC Class II’s present in?

A

professional antigen presenting cells like macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells

43
Q

what type of inheritance do MHC’s use?

A

codominat inheritance

44
Q

what are the subunits of Class I MHC?

A

alpha 1, 2, 3 and beta2 microglobulin

45
Q

what are the subunits of Class II MHC?

A

alpha 1 and 2, beta 1 and 2

46
Q

what is the signal transduction pathway for T cell activation?

A

MHC binds to TCR and causes phosphorylation on CD3 and zeta chain ITAMs which causes sequestration of syk kinase Zap70, this leads to activation of NFAT, NFkB, and AP-1 which all work together to produce IL-2

47
Q

what part of the MHC does CD8 bind to?

A

the alpha 3 region of Class I

48
Q

what part of the MHC does CD4 bind to?

A

the beta2 region of Class II

49
Q

describe the endogenous pathway of MHC production.

A 
makes Class I MHCs
endogenous proteins (viral or host) are ubiquitinated and sent to lysosome where they are broken up; you then transport the protein to the ER via TAP mechanism here it associates with the MHC; it eventually moves into the Golgi and into plasma membrane
50
Q

describe the extracellular pathway of MHC production.

A

associated with MHC Class II; take up extracellular proteins into vesicles; then you male the actual Class II and move them to endosome where they associate with the peptide; move out to plasma membrane via golgi

51
Q

what is the invariant chain?

A

it is what blocks any peptides from entering the MHC before it is ready

52
Q

explain T cell localization to sites of injury

A

normally the T cell expresses selectins which bind to CD34 on lymph node high endothelial cells, effector T cells have lots of LFA-1 and VLA-4 which bind to ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 on endothelial cells at injury sites

53
Q

describe memory T cell activation.

A

independent of costimulation by CD28; the secondary/memory response results in much more rapid clearance

54
Q

what do cyclosporine and FK-506 do?

A

they inhibit calcineurin which directly blocks the activation of NFAT and therefore blocks the synthesis of IL-2

55
Q

what does rapamycin do?

A

it blocks signal transduction from IL-2 receptor

56
Q

what is Zap70 deficiency?

A

a rare AR immunodeficiency disease that is characterized by a complete lack of CD8+ cells and non-functional CD4+ cells

57
Q

what are bacterial super-antigens?

A

bind TCR and MHC class II - with any antigen specifity leading to body-wide T cell activation (1/5) leading to toxic shock because of all of the cytokine release

58
Q

what are mitogenic lectins?

A

carbs that mimic antigen and cross-link T cell receptors

59
Q

what are some examples of mitogenic lectins?

A

concanavalin (ConA) and phythoheagglutinin (PHA) and pokeweed mitogen (PWM)
**do not require APCs

60
Q

what are some pharmocological T cell activators?

A

phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) in conjunction with ionomycin (block NF-kB, AP-2, and NFAT)
stimulation doesn’t require APCs

61
Q

what factors cause differentiation into Th1 cell?

A

IFNgamma (macrophages/APC), IL-12 (NK cells)

62
Q

what do Th1 cells do?

A

produce IFNgamma and help out innate immune system by improving macrophage function

63
Q

what mediator causes Th2 differentiation?

A

IL-4

64
Q

what do Th2 cells do?

A

they are needed for immune response against parasites and allergies; they also help B cells differentiate

65
Q

what cytokines do Th2 produce to block Th1 cells?

A

TGF-beta and IL-10

66
Q

what cytokines do TH1 cells produce to block Th2?

A

IFNgamma

67
Q

what are the three pathways for CD8 cell activation?

A

APC binds directly to CD8 cell, binds to Th1 which increases IL-2 or B7 expression

68
Q

what kinases phosphorylate BCR ITAMS on Ig alpha and beta?

A

blk, fyn, lyn

69
Q

what is the BCR coreceptor that acts synergistically?

A

it binds to c3d complement

70
Q

what do B-1 cells partake in?

A

TI b cell activation

71
Q

first ab produced?

A

IgM

72
Q

ab most important in secondary?

A

IgG

Fundamentals (11 decks)

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