Histology

Question 1

what are the ECM elements that interact with stem cells?

Answer 1

fibronectin, thrombospondin, hemonectin, heparan

Question 2

what does fibronectin do in the ECM with stem cells?

Answer 2

it binds to integrins in the stem cells

Question 3

what does thrombospondin do in the ECM with stem cells

Answer 3

it binds to cytokines and presents them to the stem cells

Question 4

what does hemonectin do in the ECM with stem cells?

Answer 4

it binds to myeloid cells

Question 5

what does heparan sulfate do in the ECM with stem cells?

Answer 5

it binds to various ligands in the stem cell (along with chondroitin sulfate)

Question 6

what do osteoblasts provide for stem cells?

Answer 6

they permit engraftment, they secrete cytokines (G-CSF, GM-CSF, and IL-6), and they utilize CD166 in binding

Question 7

what is the erythropoietic growth factor used to differentiate stem cells?

Answer 7

EPO

Question 8

what are the granulopoeitic growth factors used to differentiate stem cells?

Answer 8

G-CSF and GM-CSF

Question 9

what is the megakaryocytopoietic growth factors used to differentiate cells?

Answer 9

TPO

Question 10

what is the lymphopoeitic growth factor used to differentiate stem cells?

Answer 10

interleukins

Question 11

what is the order of erythroid differentiation lineage cells?

Answer 11

proerythroblast, basophilic erythroblast, polychromatic erythroblast, orthochromatophillic erythroblast, reticulocyte, erythrocyte

Question 12

what is the order of myeloid differentiation lineage cells for neutrophils?

Answer 12

myeloblast, promyelocyte, early neutrophilic myelocyte, late neutrophilic myelocyte, neutrophilic metamyelocyte, band cel, mature neutrophil

Question 13

what is the order of myeloid differentiation lineage cells for eosinophils?

Answer 13

myeloblast, promyelocyte, early eosinophilic myelocyte, late eosinophilic myelocyte, eosinophilic myelocyte, mature eosinophil

Question 14

what is the order of myeloid differentiation lineage cells for basophils?

Answer 14

myeloblast, promyelocyte, early basophilic myelocyte, lare basophilic myelocyte, mature basophil

Question 15

what molecules do platelets secrete and interact with?

Answer 15

platelets secrete Ca2+. PF3, PF4, and fibrinogen

they interact with thrombin, epinephrine, ADP, and serotonin

Question 16

what are two stem cell markers?

Answer 16

CD34 and HLA-Dr

Question 17

what is loose connective tissue?

Answer 17

more cells than fibers, acts as support

Question 18

what is dense connective tissue?

Answer 18

more fibers than cells, has more stress-resistance capabilities

Question 19

name the leukocytes

Answer 19

neutrophils, basophils, eosionophils, lymphocytes, monocytes

Question 20

name the granulocytes

Answer 20

neutrophils, basophils, eosionphils

Question 21

name the agranulocytes

Answer 21

lymphocytes (T, B lymphocytes) and natural killer cells, and monocytes—-macrophages

Question 22

what are the four types of collagen?

Answer 22

I - dermis, bone, tendon, cartilage
II - hyaline cartilage
III - reticular fibers
IV - basal laminae

Question 23

what two proteins make up elastic fibers?

Answer 23

elastin and fibrillin

Question 24

which cytoskeletal element gives microvilli their support?

Answer 24

actin filaments - microfilaments!

Question 25

which cytoskeletal element gives cilia their structure?

Answer 25

microtubules

Question 26

what is the zona adherens?

Answer 26

adherens junctions - provide lateral adhesion between adjacent cells useing cadherins and integrins

Question 27

what molecules are responsible for zona adherens?

Answer 27

cadherin and integrins

Question 28

what is the macula adherens?

Answer 28

desmosomes - these are like spot welds that anchor two adjacent cells together using intermediate filaments

Question 29

what cytoskeletal molecules are used in desmosomes?

Answer 29

intermediate filaments

Question 30

what is the zona occludens?

Answer 30

tight junctions - seal the cell from the lumen, regulating paracellular transport

Question 31

what molecules are responsible for the zona occludens?

Answer 31

claudin and occludin

Question 32

list the types of junctions from most apical to most basal

Answer 32

zona occludens, zona adherens, macula adherens

Question 33

what are gap junctions?

Answer 33

permit direct passage of molecules between adjacent cells

Question 34

what are the molecules responsible for gap junctions?

Answer 34

connexins

Question 35

what are the two parts of the basement membrane?

Answer 35

basal laminae, reticular laminae

Question 36

what is in the basal laminae and what is it made by?

Answer 36

there is collagen IV, laminins, and proteoglycans, it is made by the epithelial cell

Question 37

what is the reticular laminae and what is it made by?

Answer 37

it is made from collagen III and it is made by the underlying connective tissue

Question 38

how do cells attach to basement membrane?

Answer 38

focal adhesion (integrins) and hemidesmosomes

Question 39

what is simple epithelium?

Answer 39

one layer of cells

Question 40

what are the two types of simple squamous epithelium that are specially named?

Answer 40

endothelium and mesothelium

Question 41

what are the four types of simple epithelium?

Answer 41

squamous, cuboidal, columnar, and pseudostratified

Question 42

what is stratified epithelium?

Answer 42

multiple cell layers, classified based on the first layer of cells

Question 43

what are the two types of stratified squamous epithelium?

Answer 43

keratinized and non-keratinized

Question 44

what are the four types of stratified epithelium?

Answer 44

simple, cuboidal, columnar, and transitional (dome cells)