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Immunology Exam 4 > Adaptive Immunity to Microbes > Flashcards

Adaptive Immunity to Microbes Flashcards

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1
Q

The major mechanism by which virally infected cells and transplanted tissue is attacked is _

A

CD8 T cells

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2
Q

The major type of bacteria attacked by the innate immune system are _

A

non-encapsulated bacteria

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3
Q

non-encapsulated bacteria are attacked by _ complement system and what types of innate immune cells

A

Alternative

PMNs / macrophages

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4
Q

The human microbiome is composed of what main type of ordinarily non-disease causing bacteria?

A

non-encapsulated bacteria

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5
Q

The antigen specific subdivision of the immune system is divided into the humoral (blood) and cellular components. The major cells of each of these systems are _

A

Humoral - Bcells + antibodies

Cellular - T-lymphocytes

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6
Q

The humoral and cellular component of the innate immune system is mediated by what cells /systems?
Short Term -
Long term-
Cellular

A

Short - PMNs and complement
Long term - Macrophages and complement
Cellular - macrophages

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7
Q

A major characteristic of the immune system regarding its response to helminths is that _

A

There is no great immune mechanism for response to helminths

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8
Q

Bacterial Infections can be split into 3 categories. They are (relative to macrophages)

A

Toxigenic extracellular
Non-toxigenic extracellular
Intracellular

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9
Q

Neutralization of exotoxins is accomplished by _

A

Antibodies

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10
Q

Neutralization of viruses and intracellular organisms during their extracellular phase is accomplished by _

A

Antibodies

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11
Q

What is an intracellular bacteria that is neutralized by antibodies during its extracellular phase?

A

Rickettsia

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12
Q

The mechanism by which extracellular bacteria are destroyed is _

A

Antibody mediated opsonization

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13
Q

Majority of facultative intracellular bacteria, fungi, protozoa and some parasites are destroyed by _

A

CD4 + Tcells activating macrophages

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14
Q

The major means by which viruses are transplants are destroyed are by _

A

CD8 + T cells

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15
Q

Listeria monocytogenes is an a typical intracellular organism because _

A

It is killed b CD8 cells when it breaks out into the cytoplasm, and its proteins are presented in the context of MHC

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16
Q

4 examples of diseases where vaccination is needed because the toxin is too toxic to stimulate an immune response are _

A

Cholera
Pertussis
Diptheria
Tetanus

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17
Q

Toxoids are

A

Attenuated toxins that retain immunogenic response

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18
Q

2 bugs that a capable of producing super antigen are _

A

Staphylococcus Aureus

Streptococcus Pyogenes

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19
Q

After recovery from toxic shock syndrome, the patient is rendered immune from further infection with TSS. T or F

A

False

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20
Q

The five examples of super antigens provided are

A 
Toxic Shock syndrome toxin 1
Staphylococcal enterotoxins A-X
Streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins A-C, G-L
Streptococcal superantigen 
Streptococcal mitogen exotoxin Z
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21
Q

The mechanism by which superantigen mediates toxic shock syndrome is _

A

Massive upregulation of T cells by linking the APC to the T-cell. This results in increased frequency of activation and massive production if IF-gamma, which suppresses antibodies

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22
Q

IVIG is intravenous immunoglobulin. What are the 5 diseases where it is use?

A 
Kawasaki syndrome
Streptococcl toxic shock syndrome
Staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome
Post exposure hep. A
Anthrax
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23
Q

IVIG protects via _

A

Passive protection

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24
Q

When IVIG is used intramuscularly, what is the caveat?

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A

Less costly, but not for seriously acute illnesses

25
The examples of extracellular bacteria that bolded are _ (2)
Gram positive and negative cocci | Bordetella
26
All gram positive and negative cocci as well as bordetella are destroyed by what component of the immune system?
Antibody based immunity. They are extracellular pathogens
27
The examples of intracellular bacteria that bolded are _ (4)
Mycobacterium Salmonella Brucella Listeria
28
Mycobacterium, salmonella, brucella and listeria are examples of organisms that would be destroyed by what component of the immune system?
T-celled based immunity. Examples of intracell. organisms
29
There are 2 major mechanisms by which viruses are destroyed. They are _
CD8 + Antibodies (Occasionally, CD4 + cell)
30
The major mechanism by which fungi are destroyed are _
CD4 activation of macrophages
31
The 4 major TB like fungi presented were _
Histoplasmosis Blastomyces Coccidiodes Paracoccidiodes
32
Protozoa and Helminths are 2 examples of parasites. How are they handled by the immune system?
Protozoa - CD4 activated macrophages | Helminths - No good mechanisms
33
The 3 examples of helminths provided in the notes are?
Nematodes Cestodes Trematodes
34
Significant inflammation is a major characteristic of what type of infection _. What type of pathogens mediate this response?
Acute Infection | Extracellular pathogens
35
Infections that are characterized by significant inflammation are usually destroyed by _. (These are the "itis" diseases
Antibody opsonization
36
The T Cell immune response kicks in when the antibody response fails. This marks the transition from _ to _
Acute to chronic infection
37
Tuberculosis, brucelosis, salmonellosis, listeriosis. These osis diseases are associated with _
Granuloma formation
38
The T cell response can make a chronic disease worse. How is this the case?
Antibody mediated phagocytosis (Fc receptor) lets the pathogens have access to the intracellular compartment
39
Granulomas are made of what type of cells?
Fused macrophages
40
Chronic granulomatous disease is mediated by what cells? What still persists in this state?
CD4 cells cause granulomas | Staphylococcal infections persist
41
In the early phase of the primary response, what is the major antibody made? When does it peak?
IgM | Peaks by 4 days
42
In the late phase of the primary response, what is the major antibody made?
IgG
43
The major pro of vaccination is the development of memory, which causes subsequent infections to be "secondary". What is the major antibody of this response and when does it peak?
IgG | 2 days
44
Toxoid vaccines are given ever 8-10 years because _
That is the approximate span of the memory B-cells
45
What is the major reason for not vaccinating too frequently?
Each exposure causes class switching, which can cause anaphylactic shock with subsequent exposures
46
The big difference between the T independent and dependent response is _
Development of memory
47
T-independent responses are geared towards what type of antigen?
Polysaccharides
48
Plasma cells derived from T-indepenent responses secrete what type of antibody?
IgM
49
Following a T-dependent response, a Tcell can recognize DNA, proteins, polysaccharides. T or F
True
50
Plasma cells derived from T-depenent responses secrete what type of antibody?
IgG
51
The downstream means by which T-dependent antibodies work is _
Tagging the microbe, allowing for phagocytosis, and killing within the phagosome
52
The means by which intrcellular bacteria, fungi, protozoa and some viruses are killed is _
CD4 mediated immunity
53
What type of T cell mediates the effects of CD4? That is, what cells become memory cells
TH1
54
The major means by which TH1 Cells activate macrophages is via _
IF gamma production. IFgamma production activates macrophages, leades to MHC2 upregulation
55
CD8 Cells are activated by CD4 + cells. What is the major cytokine needed here?
IL2
56
What is the MHC that viral particles, as well as transplant tissues will present foreign particles recognized by CD8
MHC 1
57
MHC II is upregulated on macrophages following the CD4 response. What is the significance?
CD8 cells can contribute to intracellular killing (e.g. Listeria)
58
True or False, both the CD8 and CD4 use both MHC1 and 2
True

Immunology Exam 4 (7 decks)

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