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Immunology Exam 4 > Hypersensitivity 1 > Flashcards

Hypersensitivity 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Hypersensitivity disorders are _

A

Diseases caused by the immune system

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2
Q

The 3 main ways that the immune system can cause tissue damage are by _

A

Rxn against microbes
Rxn against environment
Rxn against self

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3
Q

When immune rxns are mounted against microbes, there are 3 ways the rxn can damage the host. They are _

A

excessive / unusually persistent response
antibodies deposit in tissues
antibodies cross react

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4
Q

An example of an unusually excessive / persistent disease is _

A

Granuloma formation in tissues

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5
Q

An example of a case where antibodies deposit in tissues is _

A

post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis

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6
Q

An example of a case where antibodies cross react with normal tissues is _

A

Rheumatic fever

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7
Q

About what percentage of the population react to environmental substances?

A

20%

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8
Q

Auto-immune disease arises because _

A

The nomal self tolerance mechanisms fail

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9
Q

What percentage of the population suffers from autoimmune disease? What is the age group?

A

5%

20 - 40 yrs old

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10
Q

The mechanisms of autoimmunity are different from the mechanisms of host defense against pathogens. T or F

A

False. The same mechanisms

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11
Q

Type 1 hypersensitivity is also known as _. It is mediated by what type of antibody?

A

Immediate

IgE

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12
Q

What is the mechanism of type 1 hypersensitivity?

A

Mast cells and their mediators. Think allergic

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13
Q

What are the antibody mediators of type 2 hypersensitivity?

A

IgM and IgG against self tissues

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14
Q

What is the mechanism of type 2 hypersensitivity?

A

Opsonization / phagocytosis, complement, recruitment of leukocytes

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15
Q

What are the antibodies that mediate type 3 hypersensitivity?

A

IgM and IgG

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16
Q

What is the mechanism of type 3 hypersensitivity?

A

Immune complexes deposit in tissues. Complement and Fc recruitment of leukocytes

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17
Q

What are the immune mediators of type 4 hypersensitivity?

A

CD4 - cytokine mediated inflammation

CD8 - Cell mediated autolysis

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18
Q

What is the mechanism if type 4 hypersensitivity?

A

Leukocyte activation and recruitment, cytokine inflammation, cell killing

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19
Q

What 2 types of hypersensitivity are mediated by antibodies?

A

Types 2 and 3

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20
Q

What type of hypersensitivity doesn’t depend on leukocyte recruitment?

A

Type 1

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21
Q

Types 2 and 3 hypersensitivity are both antibody mediated. What is the difference?

A

In type 2, the antibody is directed against the tissue. In type 3, the antibody accumulated in the area of the tissue

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22
Q

When examined by immuno-fluorescence, what would you expect to see when comparing antibody deposition between type 2 and 3 reactions?

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A

Deposition is smooth in type 2 rxns

Deposition is coarse in type 3 rxns

23
Q

An example of a type 2 rxn where antibodies directed against RBCs destroy the cells is _.

Study These Flashcards
A

Autolytic hemolytic anemia

24
Q

Antibodies against CD20 would be expected to _

Study These Flashcards
A

Destroy B cells

25
What is the Coomb's test?
It is a test to detect the presence of anti-RBC antibodies
26
Would you expect a type 2 rxn to yield systemic or non-systemic disease?
Non-systemic, tissue targeted / specific
27
What are the 3 mechanisms by which a type 2 rxn can cause tissue injury?
Opsonization Damage to tissue proteins Antibody deposition in tissues
28
3 examples where antibodies bind to cells to mediate autoimmune rxns (phagocytosis) are _. What type of hypersensitivity is this?
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia Autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura Hemolysis following blood transfusion Type 2
29
3 examples where antibodies bind to tissues to mediate autoimmune reactions are _. What type of reaction is this?
Good pastures syndrome Glomerulonephritis Acute rheumatic fever Type 2
30
What are myesthenia gravis and graves disease? What type of hypersensitivity is this?
Myesthenia - The antibodies block receptor function Graves - Antibody stimulates the thyroid Type 2 hypersensitivities
31
What is the manifestation of autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura?
Bleeding
32
What is Goodpasture's syndrome?
Abs target NC1 in basement membrane of glomerulus and lungs. Leads to nephritis, lung hemmorhage
33
What is pemphigus vulgaris?
Antibodies against intercellular desmoglein in epidermis. Leads to skin vesicles (blisters)
34
Glomerulo-nephritis is not the same as post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis. In post-streptococcal, _
Group A strep antibodies and their antigen deposit in glomeruli, leading to inflammation
35
Type 3 rxn are more likely to be [systemic/non-systemic]
Systemic, the complex can deposit anywhere
36
The mechanism of damage in type 3 rxns is _
Immune complexes activate Fc-mediated inflammation and complement to damage blood vessels and surrounding tissues
37
Areas susceptible to type 3 rxn are areas where plasma ultra-filtration occur. These are _ (3)
Kidney Joints Vasculature
38
Are larger or smaller complexes more likely to form deposits in vessel walls?
Smaller. Larger complexes attract complement, cleared by phagocytosis
39
What is Arthus reaction?
This is where a previously immunized animal is adminstered a local bolus of antigen (subQ). This results in a localized inflammation mediated by antibody, causing local cutaneous vasculitis and necrosis
40
What is serum sickness?
It is observed when people are innoculated with horse antibody. Occurs 7-10 days later (igG response time). Fever, chills, rash, arthritis, glomerulonephritis
41
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is the prototype immune complex disease. Antibodies are targeted towards _
DNA Nucleoproteins Others
42
What are the 2 major means by which Type 4 rxns cause tissue damage?
Triggering inflammation | Direct tissue killing
43
CD4 cells can recruit macrophages and neutrophils. What are the subtypes responsible and what is the major cytokine?
Macrophages - Th1 - IFN-gamma | Neutrophils - Th17 - IL-17
44
The classical T-cell mediated inflammation is _
Delayed type hypersensitivity
45
What is the timeline for delayed type hypersensitivity? What are 2 examples provided?
24-48 hrs | PPD test, contact dermatitis
46
In DTH, what is occuring at 4 hrs? 12 hrs? When is peak induration occuring?
4 hrs - Neutrophils around post-cap. venules 12 hrs - T cells and monocytes around venules Peak induration - 24-48 hrs
47
Delayed type hypersensitivity requires prior exposure to antigen. True or false
True
48
A example of chronic type DTH is _. What is a characteristic finding?
Tuberculosis | Granulomas (nodules of inflammatory cells), Fused macrophages to form multinucleate giant cells
49
Difficulty breathing following prolonged TB infection is due to _
Fibrotic tissue from inflammation, not the microbe itself
50
The major CD4 subtype involved in granuloma formation and its cytokine is _
TH1, IFN-gamma
51
What do RA, MS, Type 1 diabetes and IBS have in common?
All type 4 hypersensitivity reactions.
52
Poison Ivy dermatitis is an example of _. The allergen here is Urushiol
Type 4
53
Treatment of poison ivy can be done with _
Corticosteroids (topical or systemic, depending on severity)
54
What is the patch test?
Allergy panel test

Immunology Exam 4 (7 decks)

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