Adaptive vs innate

Question 1

How do we get innate immunity

Answer 1

It is present before exposure to any pathogens. Born with it

Question 2

How do we get acquired immunity

Answer 2

Develops after exposure to agents such as microbes, toxins, or other foreign substances. Very specific response to pathogens

Question 3

Types of innate defenses in vertebrates

Answer 3

Barrier defenses, phagocytosis, antimicrobial peptides

Question 4

Barrier defenses

Answer 4

Include the skin and mucous membranes of the respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts

Question 5

Role of mucous in barrier defenses

Answer 5

Allow for the removal of microbes

Question 6

Role of body fluids (and types of fluids)

Answer 6

They are hostile to microbes (saliva, mucus, and tears)

Question 7

Role of skin and the digestive system

Answer 7

Has low pH, prevents the growth of many bacteria

Question 8

Cells that recognize pathogens in the mammal body

Answer 8

Phagocytic cells

Question 9

How do phagocytic cells recognize pathogens

Answer 9

TLR (toll like receptors)

Question 10

What do TLRs recognize

Answer 10

Fragments of molecules characteristic of a set of pathogens

Question 11

Types of phagocytic cells in the mammilian body

Answer 11

Neutrophils, eosinophils, dentritic cells and macrophages

Question 12

Neutrophils

Answer 12

engulf and destroy pathogens

Question 13

Dentritic cells

Answer 13

Stimulate development of adaptive immunity

Question 14

Eosinophils

Answer 14

Discharge destructive enzymes

Question 15

Job of natural killer cells in innate immunity

Answer 15

Circulate through the body and detect abnormal cells and release chemicals that lead to cell death

Question 16

System involved in many cellular innate defenses

Answer 16

Lymphatic system

Question 17

How do peptides and proteins function in innate defense

Answer 17

By attacking pathogens or impeding their reproduction

Question 18

Type of antimicrobial protein

Answer 18

Interferon

Question 19

Interferon

Answer 19

Proteins that provide innate defense, interfering with viruses and helping activate macrophages

Question 20

How many proteins make up the complement system and what do they cause

Answer 20

30. They cause lysis of invading cells and help trigger inflammation

Question 21

How is the inflammatory response brought about

Answer 21

Brought about by molecules released upon injury or infection

Question 22

Mast cell

Answer 22

A type of connective tissue, release histamine which triggers blood vessels to dialate and become more permeable

Question 23

What type of cells release cytokines

Answer 23

Macrophages and neutrophils (activated)

Question 24

Cytokines

Answer 24

Signalling molecules that enhance the immune system

Question 25

What does the delivery of antimicrobial peptides result in

Answer 25

The accumulation of pus (a fluid rich in white blood cells, dead pathogens, and cell debris from damaged tissues)

Question 26

Fever

Answer 26

A systemic inflammatory response triggered by substances released by macrophages in response to certain pathogens

Question 27

Septic shock

Answer 27

A life threatening condition caused by an overwhelming inflammatory response

Question 28

Adaptive immunity

Answer 28

Adapts as we grow

Question 29

Antigen

Answer 29

Any substance that elicits an immune response

Question 30

What cells bind to an antigen via antigen receptors specific to part of one molecule of that pathogen

Answer 30

T or B cells

Question 31

Epitope

Answer 31

The small accessible part of an antigen that binds to an antigen receptor (specificity)

Question 32

T vs B cells

Answer 32

Have similar components but encounter antigens in different ways

Question 33

Structure of the B cell

Answer 33

Y-shaped molecule with two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains

Question 34

What do variable regions of the B cell chains do

Answer 34

Provide antigen specificity

Question 35

Constant regions of chains and variable regions

Answer 35

Constant regions vary little among B cells while variable regions differ greatly

Question 36

What does the activation of a B cell from binding to an antigen give rise to

Answer 36

Cells that secrete a soluble form of protein called an antibody or immunoglobulin

Question 37

Structure of antibodies

Answer 37

Y-shaped, secreted and not membrane bound

Question 38

B cells are considered (humoral or cell mediated)

Answer 38

Humoral

Question 39

T cells are considered (humoral or cell mediated)

Answer 39

Cell mediated

Question 40

T cell structure

Answer 40

Two different polypeptide chains called alpha and beta | -Tip of the chain is variable region and the rest is the constant region

Question 41

What do T cells bind to

Answer 41

Antigen fragments (MHC) displayed or presented on the host cell

Question 42

Antigen fragments bound to the cell surface proteins

Answer 42

MHC molecules

Question 43

MHC

Answer 43

Major histocompatibility complex | Host proteins that display the antigen fragments on the cell surface

Question 44

Antigen presentation

Answer 44

In infected cells, MHC molecules bind and transport antigen fragments to the cell's surface

Question 45

What two things can T cells bind to

Answer 45

MHC molecule and antigen fragment

Question 46

B cell vs T cell

Answer 46

B cell: Humoral immunity. Can connect to antigens right on the surface of the invading pathogen or bacteria T cell: cell mediated immunity. Can only connect to virus antigens on the outside of infected cells