Addiction - Cognitive

Question 1

Main researcher on cognitive approach to addiction?

Answer 1

Beck

Question 2

Beck?

Answer 2

The ‘vicious cycle’ - …low mood -> coping by using -> financial, social and medical problems…

Question 3

Examples of how addiction is used as a coping mechanism?

Answer 3

Mood regulation, performance enhancement, distraction

Question 4

Weaknesses of cognitive approach to addiction?

Answer 4

Addiction or excess

Question 5

Addiction or excess in cognitive approach to addiction?

Answer 5

Expectancy theory is concerned with excesses and problematic behaviour rather than addiction and loss of control

Question 6

Initiation in cognitive approach to gambling addiction?

Answer 6

Self-medication - gambling is judged as helping

Question 7

Research on cognitive approach to gambling initiation?

Answer 7

Gelkopf et al

Question 8

Gelkopf et al?

Answer 8

Individuals use forms of pathological behaviour to treat psychological symptoms

Question 9

Maintenance in cognitive approach to gambling?

Answer 9

Role of irrational beliefs

Question 10

Research on cognitive approach to gambling maintenance?

Answer 10

Oei and Gordon

Question 11

Oei and Gordon?

Answer 11

Maintenance of gambling due to cognitive distortions and irrational beliefs

Question 12

Examples of irrational beliefs in gambling?

Answer 12

‘Gamblers fallacy’ (belief gambling is influenced by recent events), illusions of control, exaggerated self-confidence, attribute success to skill not chance

Question 13

Griffiths?

Answer 13

Regular gamblers are more likely to stay on until they lost all money, explain possess as near wins, make irrational verbalisations, believe they’re skilful, etc.

Question 14

Relapse in cognitive approach to gambling?

Answer 14

Recall bias and ‘just world’ hypothesis

Question 15

Research on recall bias?

Answer 15

Blanco et al

Question 16

Blanco et al?

Answer 16

Tendency to remember and overestimate wins

Question 17

‘Just world’ hypothesis?

Answer 17

Belief in an eventual, ‘deserved’ reward

Question 18

Strengths of cognitive approach to gambling?

Answer 18

Treatment implications

Question 19

Weaknesses of cognitive approach to gambling?

Answer 19

Ethical issues
Cause or effect?
Contradicting evidence

Question 20

Ethical issues in cognitive approach to gambling?

Answer 20

Studies such as Griffiths encouraged gambling

Question 21

Treatment implications of cognitive approach to gambling?

Answer 21

Different motivations for gambling leads to differing approaches to treating the addiction

Question 22

Examples of treatment implications of cognitive approach to gambling?

Answer 22

Treating underlying mood problems in self-medicators, CBT on those with irrational beliefs

Question 23

Researcher on issues of cause and effect in cognitive approach to gambling?

Answer 23

Becona et al

Question 24

Becona et al?

Answer 24

Found a major depressive disorder evident in the majority of pathological gamblers

Question 25

Contradicting evidence for cognitive approach to gambling?

Answer 25

Delfabbro et al

Question 26

Delfabbro et al?

Answer 26

Pathological gamblers just as accurate as non-gamblers in estimating odds of winning

Question 27

Cognitive approach to smoking initiation?

Answer 27

Expectancy theory

Question 28

Research on expectancy theory?

Answer 28

Brandon et al

Question 29

Brandon et al (initiation)?

Answer 29

Escalation due to costs vs. benefits

Question 30

Kassel et al?

Answer 30

Adolescent smokers commonly report smoking due to negative mood states

Question 31

Mermelstein et al?

Answer 31

Expectancy of positive mood states is the main reason for initiation of smoking

Question 32

Cognitive approach to smoking maintenance?

Answer 32

Automatic processing

Question 33

Research on automatic processing?

Answer 33

Brandon et al

Question 34

Brandon et al (maintenance)?

Answer 34

As an addiction develops activity is influenced less by conscious expectancies and more by unconscious ones

Question 35

Tate et al?

Answer 35

Smokers told to expect no negative experiences during abstinence had less

Question 36

Cognitive approach to smoking relapse?

Answer 36

Assessing costs and benefits

Question 37

Research on assessing costs and benefits?

Answer 37

Devries and Backbier

Question 38

Devries and Backbier?

Answer 38

Perceptions of pros and cons of quitting affect quitting behaviour

Question 39

Strengths of cognitive approach to smoking?

Answer 39

Treatment implications | Supporting research

Question 40

Treatment implications of cognitive approach to smoking?

Answer 40

Moolchan et al

Question 41

Moolchan et al?

Answer 41

Nicotine patches could increase cessation rates and reduce relapse rates, but only when with CBT to challenge positive expectancies

Question 42

Support for cognitive approach to smoking?

Answer 42

Juliano and Brandon

Question 43

Juliano and Brandon?

Answer 43

Smokers had greater expectancies that cigarettes alleviate negative mood states and cravings, and had a positive effect on weight compared to NRT, explaining low success rates