Addiction - Learning

Question 1

Weaknesses of the learning approach to addiction?

Answer 1

Limited

Question 2

Strengths of the learning approach to addiction?

Answer 2

Treatment implications

Question 3

Limitations of learning approach to addiction?

Answer 3

Fails to explain why only some people become addicted

Question 4

Treatment implications of learning approach to addiction?

Answer 4

Drummond et al

Question 5

Drummond et al?

Answer 5

‘Cue exposure’ uses cues without giving the opportunity to engage, leading to stimulus discrimination

Question 6

Learning approach to gambling initiation researcher?

Answer 6

Griffiths

Question 7

Griffiths?

Answer 7

Positive reinforcement of physiological buzz, psychological, social and financial rewards

Question 8

Brown?

Answer 8

Arousal (not winning) is key determinant in gambling addiction

Question 9

Learning approach to gambling maintenance?

Answer 9

Intermittent reinforcement
Social approval
Negative reinforcement

Question 10

Intermittent reinforcement in gambling researcher?

Answer 10

Griffiths

Question 11

Griffiths (IM)?

Answer 11

Persistence is strengthened by a win

Question 12

Social approval in gambling researcher?

Answer 12

Lambos et al

Question 13

Lambos et al?

Answer 13

Peers and family more likely to approve = reinforcement

Question 14

Negative reinforcement in gambling researcher?

Answer 14

Rosenthaul and Lesieur

Question 15

Rosenthaul and Lesieur?

Answer 15

60% of gamblers reported physical side effects

Question 16

Learning approach to gambling relapse?

Answer 16

Conditioned cues

Approach-avoidance conflict

Question 17

Conditioned cues in gambling?

Answer 17

Generate feelings associated with gambling

Question 18

Approach-avoidance conflict?

Answer 18

Due to both positive and negative consequences they’re motivated to approach and avoid, fluctuating between the two

Question 19

Weaknesses of learning approach to gambling?

Answer 19

Cannot explain all types of gambling
Reductionist
Why do only some people get addicted?

Question 20

Why can’t the learning approach to gambling explain all types of gambling?

Answer 20

e.g. different variable ratios (time between behaviour and consequence) and chances of winning

Question 21

Reductionism in learning approach to gambling?

Answer 21

Blaszcynski and Nower

Question 22

Blaszcynski and Nower?

Answer 22

2 different pathways: ‘emotionally vulnerable gambler’ (more resistant to change, need to treat underlying vulnerabilities) and ‘behaviourally conditioned pathway’ (least severe)

Question 23

Learning approach to smoking initiation?

Answer 23

Kandell and Wu

Question 24

Kandell and Wu?

Answer 24

SLT means that young people start due to social models

Question 25

NIDA on smoking initiation?

Answer 25

90% of US smokers started as adolescents due to peers

Question 26

Popularity as a reinforcer in smoking initiation?

Answer 26

Mayeux et al

Question 27

Mayeux et al?

Answer 27

Positive relationship between popularity and smoking after 2 years in 16 year olds

Question 28

Learning approach to smoking maintenance?

Answer 28

Strong conditioned response between nicotine and sensory aspects

Question 29

Learning approach to smoking maintenance researcher?

Answer 29

Franklin et al

Question 30

Franklin et al?

Answer 30

Smoking-related sensory cues become conditioned stimuli

Question 31

Learning approach to smoking relapse?

Answer 31

Conditioned cues | Refusal self-efficacy

Question 32

Conditioned cues in smoking researcher?

Answer 32

Hogarth et al

Question 33

Hogarth et al?

Answer 33

Craving to smoke significantly increased at the presentation of a conditioned stimuli

Question 34

Conditioned cues in smoking?

Answer 34

Activate same areas of brain used in smoking to remind them of positive effects

Question 35

Refusal self-efficacy researcher?

Answer 35

Lawrance and Rubinson

Question 36

Lawrance and Rubinson?

Answer 36

Frequent smoker = less confidence to quit

Question 37

Strengths of learning approach to smoking?

Answer 37

Support Treatment implications Real world applications

Question 38

Weaknesses of learning approach to smoking?

Answer 38

Gender bias

Question 39

Support for initiation in learning approach to smoking?

Answer 39

Karcher and Finn

Question 40

Karcher and Finn?

Answer 40

1.88x more likely to smoke if parents did, 2.64x if siblings did, 8x if peers did

Question 41

Support for relapse in learning approach to smoking?

Answer 41

Thewissen et al

Question 42

Thewissen et al?

Answer 42

Cue predicting smoking -> greater urge to smoke

Question 43

Gender bias in learning approach to smoking?

Answer 43

Lopez et al

Question 44

Lopez et al?

Answer 44

Onset and development of smoking follow different patterns, e.g. women start later

Question 45

Real world applications of learning approach to smoking?

Answer 45

Botvin

Question 46

Botvin?

Answer 46

Effective forms of drug prevention programs (teaching social skills and drug resistance) should target beginner adolescents as it's a crucial development period where they are must vulnerable