Additional Flashcards
What did Henry David Thoreau suggest about nature?
In an urban context, it had regenerative, restorative powers. Manliness associated with nature
What did Liberty Hyde Bailey argue in 1915?
Permaculture ‘a permanent agriculture that will maintain itself century by century… we are not to look for our permanent civilisation on any species of robber-economy’ Especially following the closure of the frontier
Samuel Ordway
‘A History of Our Future’ Critique of unrestrained capitalism - but also communism.
What are the different types of counter-culture according to Roszak?
Revisionism - return to a pre-industrial environment Technophilia - leverage technology to achieve new methods of growth.
What did Kenneth Boulding argue in the 1950s?
Anyone who believes exponential growth can go on forever is either a madman or an economist
What was Paul Ehrlich’s formula for Apocalyptic environmentalism?
Population x affluence x technology = impact
What did Murray Bookchin write?
Our Synthetic Environment - on chemicals and industry, similar (and before) Carson
What is John Ruskin famous for?
Victorian, rejected the urban environment - encouraged people to go the countryside. Idealisation of human scale projects (think - Schumacher) - attempted to fund human scale enterprises in Lake District.
What book is good for detailing the idealisation of rurality?
Green Victorians (Jonsson)
What did head of the USGS Thomas Nolan invest faith in?
The inexhaustible resource of technology
Who was in the New Deal technocracy Group?
M King Hubbert
What did Herbert Marcuse write in 1967?
One Dimensional Man - Argues people were stripped of choice by being turned into consumers
What was Stuart Brand’s rival equation to Ehrlich (despite being his student?)
Whole Earth Catalogue -> population x technology = reduction of impact
What did Schumacher look upon favourably?
Buddhist thought - based on time in Burma -> made him sceptical. Believed technology needed to be appropriate -> intermediate technology
Barry Commoner
Biologist against nuclear testing in 1960s - Opponent of Ehrlich - issue not the number of people, but how they lived open the planet A
What did Buckminster Fuller write?
Operating Manual for Spaceship Earth - demonstrates enthusiasm behind the idea of the spaceship earth
Who probably developed the idea of Spaceship Earth?
Barbara Ward
What term did Ward coin in 1974?
Eco development.
How did the G77 see appropriate technology by 1979?
Holding back economic development - desired growth instead.
Which couple made Limits to a Growth?
Meadows Followed Up with Groping in the Dark - with colour coded pages to indicate confidence in findings.
What were some responses to Limits?
The Times - Pseudo science Solly Zuckerman - ‘hysterical computerised gloom’ Robert solow - the world has been exhausting its exhaustible resources forever. William Nordhaus - “measurement without data”
What refuted the declensionist narratives of LtG?
The resourceful Earth, 1983 - supported by Reagan -> stressing the capacity of Earth.
What is notable about Ehrlich’s bet?
Would have won if it were the 1990s - chalked 80s failure up to the distorting effect of oil.
What do Douglas and Thompson suggest about the nature of the fragmentation of opinion following Stockholm?
Divided based on social perspectives - egalitarian, fatalist, individualist and hierarchist.
